Term
| anthropolgy as holistic biocultural comparative study of humanity |
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Definition
Holistic-covers the whole human condition, biology society, language, culture, pastpresentfuture
biocultural- inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem
comparative- concerns with holistic stuff cannot be derived from one culture only but have to be compared to another culture |
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Term
| complexity of human adaptability |
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Definition
| adaptability- the process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses unique in the sense that we have cultural means of adaptation as well as biological |
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Term
| complexity of human variation |
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Definition
Biological variation seen through:
- Human evolution as revealed by the fossil record(paleoanthropology)
- Human genetics
- Human growth and development
- Human biological plasticity (body’s ability to change as it copes with stresses such as heat, and altitude)
- Biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other non-human primates |
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Term
| distinguish between the four subfields of anthropology, while at the same time appreciating the analytical perspectives they hold in common. |
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Definition
cultural anthro-study of human society and culture describes analyzes inerprets and explains social and cultural similarities and differences
archaeological anth-reconstructs describes and intrerprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains
biological anthr-human biological diversity in time and space
ling anthr- studies lang in its social and cultural context across space and over time |
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Term
| relationship between anthro and other academic fields |
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Definition
| anthro is a link between itself and other fields because it providesa scientific basis for dealing with the dilemma of the present day world |
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Term
| various contexts in which applied anthropolgists work |
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Definition
| application of anthropolgists data perspectives theory and methodsto identify assess and solve contemporary social problems, Some “applied” contexts are: public health, family planning, business, economic development, cultural resource management |
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Term
| culture pt 1, learned,symbolic, shared, |
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Definition
shared-Culture… is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
symbolic- Our cultural learning depends on symbols, something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture, that come to stand for something else
learned-Many animals learn from experience (Ex: Fire is hot so don’t touch it again) |
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Term
| culture pt 2 all encompassing, integrated, connected with nature |
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Definition
all-encomp-Anthropologists look at all aspects of culture, not just sophistication and education, therefore it is all-encompassing (must also look at fast-food, television, sports, and games)
integrated-Culture is integrated because certain aspects of one culture can affect many other aspects (Ex: economy); core values integrates each culture and helps distinguish it from others)
nature-biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways. (ex finding cures to certain diseases) |
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Term
| culture pt 3 adaptive and maladaptive |
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Definition
adaptive: culture allows us to adapt to the problems that nature might bring (ex using tools to kill animals)
maladaptive- we do things that destroy living environments (ex carbon from certain machines deystroys ozone layers) |
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Term
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Definition
hominids-zoological family that includes fossil and living humans as well as chimps and gorillas
hominins group that lead to humans but not to chimps and gorillas and that encompasses all the human species that ever have existed |
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Term
| humans and apes both have |
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Definition
1grasping ability 2manual dexterity
3depth and color vision
4learning ability based on a large brain
5substanial parental investment in a limited number of offspring 6 tendencies towards sociality and cooperation |
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Term
| ways humans and apes are different |
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Definition
1apes feed themselves individually and humans share food
2mating is different btween the two apes get all swollen and ovulate humans just fuck and get married |
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Term
| differences between cultural universals, generalities, and particularities |
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Definition
universal- found in every culture (long infant dependency)
generalities common to some but not all human groups (nuclear family structure)
particularities- unique to certain cultural traditions (bbq) |
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Term
| understand the relationship between culture and individuals |
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Definition
1humans make up the system but dont always follow the rules associated with it
2cultural roles provide guidance about what to do but culture is constantly changing because humans dont just blindly follow their culture if its wrong |
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Term
| identify the different levels of culture and why it is important to distinguish between them |
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Definition
national culture- beliefs, behavior patterns, values, and institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation
international culture- extends beyond and across national boundaries
subcultures- different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex society |
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Term
| ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism |
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Definition
ethnocentrism- tendency to view one's own culture as surperior and to apply one's own cultural values when judging behaviors and beliefs of others
culutural relativism- viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture
practicing culutural relativism and see something wrong stop doin anthro to intervene |
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Term
| understand the mechanisms of culutural change, diffusion, acculturation, and independent invention |
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Definition
diffusion-borrowing of traits between cultures
acculturation-ongoing exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous first hand contact
independent invention- process by which human innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems |
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Term
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Definition
| series of processes that work transitionally to promote change in a world in wich nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent, international commerce tourism email media |
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Term
| research tactics of physical anthropolgy and archaeology/ remote sensing, systematic survey, excavation |
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Definition
remote sensing-acquistion of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object
systematic survey- provides a regional perspective by gathering info on settlement patterns over a large area
excavation- dig through layers of deposited that make up a site |
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Term
| different kinds of archaelogy-experimental, historical colonial, classicla, underwater |
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Definition
experimental- replicate ancient techniques and process under controlled conditions
historical- use written records as guides and supplements to archaelogical research
colonial- historical historical archaeologits who use written records as guides to locate and excavate postcontact sites in N S america and veryfying question written accounts
classical affliated with university departments of classics or history of art
underwater- investigates submerged sites |
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Term
| different dating methods relative/stratigraphy |
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Definition
relative-provides a time frame in relation to other strata or materials rather than absolute dates
stratigraphy- examines the ways in which earth sediments accumulate in layers known as strata |
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Term
| absolute dating -radiometric/uranium/elctron spin resonance |
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Definition
absolute dating provides precise dates in numbers
radiometic- measures radioactive decay through half lifes (carbon14)
uranium series- measures fission tracks produced during decay of uranium 238 into lead
electron spin resonance measure electrons that are being trapped in rocks and minerals |
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Term
| major ethnographic techniques pt1 participant observation, conservation/ interviewing, interview schedule |
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Definition
participant observation- taking part in the events one is observing describing and analyzes
conversation/interviewing- choosing samples of people to talk to and answer questions
interview schedule- talk face to face with people, asks questions writes down answers |
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Term
| major ethnographic techniques pt2 life history, problem oriented, longitudinal studies |
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Definition
life history- recollection of a lifetime of experiences which provides a more intimate and personal cultural portrait than would be possible otherwise
problem-oriented enter the field with a specific problem in mind and collect data relevant to that problem
longitudinal studies long term study of an area of population |
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Term
| ethical dimensions of anthro / informed consent, american anthropological association |
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Definition
informed consent-agreement to take part in research after having been informed about nature, procedures and possible impacts
AAA obligations to scholary field to the wider society and culture, to human and other species and to environment first concern is to not harm people animals or artifacts |
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Term
| difference between ethnitcity and race |
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Definition
ethnicity-identifiaction with and feeling part of an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affliation
race- when anethnic group is assumed to have a biological basis that is shared |
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Term
| how race is constructed in america |
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Definition
| race is like a status that you acquire at birth, hypodescent rule you get labeled as the minority |
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Term
| japanese and brazilian concept on race |
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Definition
japan assimilation is discouraged, not based exactly on phenotype but still is lower class
brazil can change racial classification, pays more attention to phenotype "manifest biology" |
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Term
| ethnic group, nation-states, nationalities, imagined communities |
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Definition
ethnic group- member share certain beliefs, values, customs, habits and norms because of common backgroud
nation-states, autonomous political entity, a country(USA)
nationalities-ethnic groupsthat once had or wish to have or regain autonomous political status
imagined communities- another term for nationalities because even when they become nation states most of their members will never meet they can only imagine they all participate in the same unit |
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Term
| ethnic groups tolerate each other, assimilation, plural society, multiculturalism |
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Definition
assimilation- the process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates, the minority behaves like the host
plural society- a society combining ethnic contrasts ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups. Shows that ethnic groups can be in contact for generations without assimilating
multiculturalism-the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable |
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Term
| ethnic conflict- prejudice/stereotypes discrimination |
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Definition
prejudice- devaluing a group because of its assumed behavior capabilities or attributes
stereotypes- fixed ideas often unfavorable about what members of a group are like
discrimination- policies and practices that harm a group and its members |
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Term
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Definition
creationism- biological similarities and differences originated at creation
evolution- species arise from others through a long and gradual process of transformation, or descent with modification |
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Term
| mendel studied hereditary on plants |
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Definition
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Term
| population genetics is and how it studies evolution |
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Definition
populations genetics- study of stable and changing populations in which most breeding normally takes place
genetic evolution change in gene frequency of allelles in a breeding population from generation to generation caused by natural selection mutation random genetic drift gene flow |
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Term
| key mechanisms of evolution and understand the role each plays in evolution- natural selection, mutation, random genetic drift, geneflow |
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Definition
mutation- change in dna molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built provide new biochemical forms
random genetic drift- change in allele frequency by chance
gene flow- exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species |
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Term
| understand how scientists approach the study of human biological diversity |
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Definition
| due to a range of problems involved in classifying humans into racial categories, contemporary biologists focus on specific differences and try to explain them |
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Term
| why have discrete human races have been scientifically discredited |
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Definition
| there a re genetic breaks but they have not led to any discrete races |
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Term
| dynamics of human biological adaptation |
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Definition
| huamn biological adaptation is bias based on environment and circumstance, these are adaptive changes that occur in an individuals lifetime in response to the environment the organism encounters as it grows |
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Term
| how humans are related to other primates |
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Definition
a-similarties evident in anatomy brain structure, genetics, and biochemistry
b-phylogeny- their genetic relatedness based on common ancestry
c-humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily Hominodea
d- monkeys are placed in different ones which means that humans and apes are more closely related to each other than either is monkeys |
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Term
| homologies vs analogies in taxonomic classification |
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Definition
homologies- the similarities used to assign organisms to the same taxon, similarities they have jointly inherited from a common ancestor
analogies- traits that arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways |
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Term
| anthropoids, traits unique to them |
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Definition
anthropoids- monkeys apes and humans which constitute the suborder anthropoidea
grasping-primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for graspiing and opposable thumbs
smell to sight- can see colors, nose to hand- primates can touch things, brain complexity- proportion of brain tissue concerned with memory thought and association increased in primates, parents invloved, sociality, primates are social |
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Term
| what are prosimians, where do they live and how they are related to other primates |
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Definition
| prosimians are the other order in the primate order besides anthropoids, some prosimians managed to survive in Africa and asia by being nocturnal, lemurs(madagascar) tarsier(indonesia, malaysia, philippines) lorises nocturnal prosimians found in africa and asia |
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Term
| dishtinguish between the apes/ platyrrhines |
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Definition
platyrrhines- new world monkey,apes humans live in forests of central and south americra, have grasping tails
catarrhines-old world monkeys apes and humans, have both ground and tree species, arboreal are smaller monkeys because its easier to reach higher places, among terrestrial monkeys the core group consists of females among its apes it is made up of males |
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Term
| humans and apes compose the hominoid superfamily |
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Definition
| the so called great apes are orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees, humans, humans and apes both have larger body size, longer life span, long interval between births, upright posture larger brain and no tail, brachiation- hand over hand movement through trees |
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Term
| threats that are endangering primates around the world |
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Definition
| deforestation because 90% of surviving primate species live in tropical forests, habitat destruction and fragmentation, human hunting of primates for meat skins and pelts, capture to be used in labs or as pets |
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Term
| be able to identify examples of the interrelationship between biology and cuture during hominin evolution consider the case of bipedalism and the tendency for larger brain size |
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Definition
| - More culture with large brain. Large brain allowed for hunting, food production, bipedalism, etc. Biological changes changed the culture and diets and physical appearances of hominins |
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Term
| dishtinguishes early homo from australopithicus |
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Definition
| early homo had small set of teeth larger brain walked more upright H. Habilis was first species of the genus homo |
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Term
| when stone tools first appeared as well as how and by whom they were made and used |
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Definition
| oldowan pebble tools first recognized stone tools from olduvai, mostly used by A. gahri in ethiopia used to butcher animals mainly made of core flakes and choppers |
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Term
| be able to identify the adaptive strategies of early Homo and the role they played in its expansion out of Africa and into most parts of the Old World |
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Definition
a. Improved cultural means of hunting along with improved cultural means of adaptation, including better tools
b. Tools that helped smash food made chewing easier so chewing muscles became less important
c. Became hunter gatherers, moved to Asia and Europe |
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Term
| understand the advances in paleolithis stone tool technology, appreciate the role they may have played, along with other key cultural adaptations in the evolution and expansion out of Africa H. erectus |
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Definition
| the stone-tool-making techniques that evolved out of the Oldowan are described by the term Plaeolithic achulean tools |
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Term
| know who archaic H. sapiens were and the reasons for the debates regarding how they were related to early Homo and the neanderthals |
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Definition
| Archaic H. Sapiens encompasses earliest members of our species. Their brain size is within modern human range. Lived during same time period as Neanderthals so there is some debate of whether they were same species |
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Term
| understand who the neanderthals were where and when they lived, and how they adapted to a cold climate |
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Definition
| first discovered in west europe but alos lived in Africa and Asia The neaderthals were cold adapted because the wore clothes and had a stocky build. They also had large naval cavaties that warmed and moistened the air they hunted with mousterian technology |
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Term
| appreciate the role that genetic evidence has played in reconstructing the timeline of early modern human migrations out of Africa |
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Definition
| recent fossil and archeological evidence suggests that a women, Eve, was found in sub-saharan Africa and all humans today have Dna from her. additional DNA comparisons support view that neanderthals and AMHs are distinct group |
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Term
| understand the complex debate abut the advent of behavioral modernity |
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Definition
behavioral modernity- relying on symbolic thought elaborating cultural creativity and as a result becoming fully human in behavior as well as anatomy
many people generally accepted that it was a fairly quick event that happened about 45,000-40,000 years ago |
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Term
| understand the role that the ice ages have played in the evolution of modern humans |
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Definition
when the ice ages ended, the physical landscape of the world greatly changed which changed life
-access to the oceans gave access to new types of animals and plants that humans could use
broad spectrum revolution in the middle east it led to food production human control over the reproduction of plants and animals |
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Term
| know when and how the americans were colonized by humans |
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Definition
-the original settlers of the americas came from northeast asia
-they came to america by crossing the bering straight
-evidence suggestd that the first migration of the americas date back almost 18,000 years |
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Term
| appreciate the implications that the discovery of Homo floriensis has on our understanding of human evolution |
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Definition
-the discovery of H. floresiensis shows that archaic humans survived much later than had been thought
-until the discoveries in flores few scientists imagined that a different human species had survived through 12,000 BP and possibly even later |
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Term
| understand the relationships between climate change, environmental zones, and the beginning of food production in the middle east |
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Definition
| environmental zones were changing (glaciers retreated tundra turned into forests) end of the ice age led to soil being more rich in resources warmer more humid conditions led to the beginning of food production by the hilly flanks |
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Term
| know the changes that took place in the plants and animals that were first domesticated |
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Definition
| the domesticated plants were often larger than wild plants produced a higher yield per unit of area, lost their natural seed dispersal mechanisms. In terms of animals, domesticated animals like sheep had more wool than wild sheep, animals got smaller with domestication |
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Term
| know the differences in the emergence of farming between the New and Old worlds, species involved as well as when and where they were first domesticated |
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Definition
| the emergence of farming came to the New World 3,000 years after the Old World. Animal domestication was far less important in the New World. In china 7500 BP two varities of millet were being cultivated and by 7000 BP dogs pigs goats and sheep were domesticated. In the Old world domestication/food production spread from the middle east. The main staples that were domesticated in the New World were maize, potatoes and maniac around 4000 BP |
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Term
| Know the different centers of domestication, what species were domesticated at each center, and when domestication took place |
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Definition
middle east- wheat barley sheep goats cattle pigs
andean region- squash potato quinoa beans llama alpaca guinea pigs
c. Southern China; Rice, Water Buffalo, Dogs, Pigs; 8,500-6,500 B.P.
d. Northern China; Millet, Dogs, Pigs, Chickens; 7,500 B.P.
e. Sub-Saharan Africa; Sorghum, Pearl Millet, African Rice; 4,000 B.P.
f. Eastern United States; Goosefoot, Marsh Elder, Sunflower, Squash; 4,500 B.P. |
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Term
| understand the significance of the shift to food production especially as it pertains to the rise of the state |
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Definition
people need to settle in order to stay with the animals and plants they had domesticated
by settling down, an economic system was implemented which was a change from the normal hunter gatherer system where food and supplies were shared with the entire group |
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Term
| understand the differences between human language and nonhuman primate communication systems and the role of evolution in defining these differences |
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Definition
human language primary means of communication based on arbitrary learned associations between words and what they stand for
-call systems vocal systems with limited number of sounds that are produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered
-sign language limited number of basic gesture units that are analogous to sounds in spoken language |
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Term
| be familiar with the role that nonverbal forms of communication like gestures expressions and movements play in communication |
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Definition
| kinescis-study of communication through body movements stances gestures and expressions and movements play in communication |
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Term
| understand the basic structure of language |
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Definition
-phonology study of speech sunds, considers which sounds are present and meaningful in a given language
-morphology study of forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes words and their meaningful parts
lexicon- dictionary containing all morphemes and their meanings
syntax- arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
phoneme- sound contrast that makes a difference one that differntiates meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particualry important to certain |
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Term
| know what sociolinguistics study in particular you should be familiar with gender speech patterns and how social stratification is manifested in language |
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Definition
sociolinguistics- investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation
males-tend to recite information that serves to estabalish a place for themselves in a heirarchy
females-tend to use language and body movements that help build social connections with others |
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Term
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Definition
deal with long-term chang, can reconstruct many features of past languages
cultural similarities and differences often correlate with linguistic use
can suggest past contact between cultures |
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