Term
| What are social movements? |
|
Definition
| Collective action by a group of ordinary citizens who often have little “voice” in the political system, outside of the normal channels of the political system. |
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Term
| who participate in social movements? |
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Definition
Students
Minorities
Poor
women |
|
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Term
| what do social movements fight for? |
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Definition
Receive something from the nation (legal protection, material needs, rights)
Against the nation (corruption, military/police brutality, racism, sexism)
To control cultural patterns (ethics- abortion, divorce, etc. knowledge, investment – breast cancer research etc.) |
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Term
| What do women's movements usually fight for? |
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Definition
Caring for others
Reproductive needs or household
Rights of women (equality) |
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Term
| Strategic gender interests? |
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Definition
aka feminist interests
Analysis of women’s subordination and means to overcome subordination
examples:
birth control, abortion
male violence
burden of domestic labor
remove institutions that discriminate |
|
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Term
| practical gender interests? |
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Definition
day to day living conditions
ususallly a response to immediate needs
examples:
productive jobs for women
social services like daycare |
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Term
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Definition
women’s use of motherhood to seek outcomes for the family.
example:
clean water
health care
school
Politicizing motherhood helps break down the rigid public/private divide.
helps women find a voice outside home |
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Term
| Autonomy of Women’s Movements |
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Definition
Freedom from the nation, political parties and other non-
governmental organizations. Women want their own movements to maintain their goals. |
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Term
| Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina) |
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Definition
most famous women’s movement in the world
30,000 Argentine civilians killed or kidnapped by military in “Dirty War”
women protested at plaza for their loved ones that disappeared
housewives became militant mothers
symbols used: white masks, diapers on heads, photos of family |
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Term
|
Definition
killed 200,000 people
mostly indigenous mayans in highlands
Rigoberta Manchu= major figure |
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Term
|
Definition
Developed from feminist, ecology and peace movements of
1970s and early 1980s
Celebration of our dependence on mother earth |
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Term
|
Definition
female peasants in India organized to prevent cutting down forests they use to survive
protests againsts Tehri Dam resulted in 100,000 people displaced
resulted in Save the Seeds Movement that exists today |
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Term
| Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) |
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Definition
1976
provided small loans to poor villagers without having upfront collateral from borrowers
small loans->poor women start business = self sufficient
examples: buy a goat to sell milk, or sewing machine to make clothes |
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Term
|
Definition
husband and his kin give gifts to wife’s kin
progeny price = makes children born to couple part of husband’s descent group.
more common in patrilineal descent groups
Bridewealth is much more common worldwide than is
dowry
As $ of bridewealth increases, marriages become
more stable
Therefore, bridewealth becomes insurance against divorce |
|
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Term
|
Definition
wife’s family provide gifts to husbands family
associated with low female status
women seen as burdens so need to
compensate husband’s family through
dowry |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Monogamous heterosexual marriage: one man and one woman
serial monogamy: having one partner at a time, but through divorce having several marriages in one ‘s lifetime
Same-sex marriage: marriage between 2 people of same sex
polygamy: one person has more than one spouse (husband or wife)
polygyny: one man has more than one wife.
polyandry: one woman has more than one husband
(Polyandry is rare in the world
most notably in Tibet, Nepal and northern
India) |
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Term
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Definition
| man marries his wife’s sister after his wife dies |
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Term
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Definition
| widow marries her dead husbands brother after husband dies |
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Term
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Definition
is a cultural universal
All cultures prohibit marriage between parents and
offspring, and most between sisters and brothers
Ancient Egyptians, Hawaiians, and Incan royalty practiced sibling marriage |
|
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Term
| marriage exogamy vs endogamy? |
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Definition
exogamy - marrying outside kin or family
endogamy-only marrying within the kin or family
same ethnicity
- same religion
- same race
- same class |
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Term
|
Definition
establish legal paternity
monopoly on the sexuality of the other
property rights
inheritance
relationship of affinity |
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Term
|
Definition
More common in matrilineal than patrilineal societies
in patrilineal societies, children of divorce expected to stay with husband
Cross-culturally, higher divorce rates correlate with
more secure female economic situation
Commonly, divorce leads to lower economic situation
for wife and increased economic situation for husband |
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Term
| indigenous religions and spirituality |
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Definition
Complementarity of women and men in world and afterlife
need both men and women for society to function smoothly
Ex. Inca: Inti = male (Sun God); Pachamama = female
(Goddess of Earth, body of water)
both leaders are men and women |
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Term
|
Definition
human intermediaries between the human world and spiritual world. (male or female)
their ability as healers in society gives them high status |
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Term
| Creation Myth of Christianity |
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Definition
states man and women were created in image of God.
woman was created from (rib) of man |
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Term
| Male Dominance over women in Chrisitianity |
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Definition
Women are instructed to submit to men (their husbands)
Man is to woman what Christ is to humans
Men are Religious leaders in most Christian religions
Some Protestant denominations ordain women as ministers |
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Term
| Marriage and Divorce in Christianity |
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Definition
Marriage is a covenant (contract) before GOD
permit divorce = Congregationalists, Christian Scientists, Unitarians
do not permit divorce =Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Mormon, Episcopal
annulments (dissolution of marriage) permitted in some circumstances (= adultery)
(Catholic nuns wear wedding ring = married to Christ) |
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Term
| Sexuality in Christianity |
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Definition
Sexual relations permitted within confines of marriage
adultery: sexual relations while married not with spouse is suitable grounds for divorce or annulment
Birth control: Roman Catholic = no
Protestant = individual choice
(Unitarians promote birth control)
Homosexuality: Conservative = sin
Liberal = permitted |
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Term
|
Definition
Until very recently, abortion was permitted within Christianity until Quickening of fetus (when the fetus moves)
Since 1869 (Pope Pius IX) Roman Catholic church has strongly condemned abortion
Pro-choice denominations = Episcopalian, Methodist,
Quakers, Presbyterian, Unitarian |
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Term
|
Definition
Matrilineal descent in Judaism (Children of Jewish mother are Jewish)
Women key in maintaining Jewish life and household
Separation during worship
Women and men separated during worship in Orthodox synagogues
Reform Judaism is most egalitarian in terms of gender
relations of denominations
Women and men permitted to be religious leaders (rabbi) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Marriage = considered ideal state of being
a man without a wife, or woman without a husband is considered incomplete
All legal marriages in in Israel must be sanctioned by religious authorities.
couples of mixed religions cannot marry in Israel
Sexual fulfillment of husband and wife expected and encouraged in marriage known as Onah
Niddah: sexual relations prohibited for 12 days when wife is menstruating
(Sexuality) sins = adultery, incest, homosexuality |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Judaism allows for divorce – initiated by husband or wife
get: (Israel) divorce document husband presents to wife
allows woman to remarry
Wife can initiate divorce proceedings in rabbinical court
Divorce cannot proceed if husband or wife refuses to
accept divorce |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Circumcision prescribed for boys in Torah
described as covenant between God and descendants
Mohel (a rabbi) performs circumcision 8 days after birth of boy. (only surgery in us that isn’t done by a professional)
circumcisions, or ritual circumcisions, performed on converts to Judaism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Quakers are among the most progressive of Christian
denominations
Women give sermons in church since beginning of religion in
1650s
19th century Quaker women were prominent in abolitionist
movement and women’s suffrage movement
Women’s rights document (1848) Declaration of Sentiments
largely work of Quaker women |
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Term
| Separation of Men and Women in Islam |
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Definition
Social interaction between Unmarried men and women is DISCOURAGED
Women (children) and men separated during prayer in mosques
During prayer
Hajj (mandatory pilgrimage to Mecca) men and women pray side by side |
|
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Term
|
Definition
pratice of preventing women from being seen by men
burqa: Garment covering entire body fo women
(required of all women in public under Taliban rule in Afghanistan)
2004, France outlawed wearing burqa in public |
|
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Term
|
Definition
arriage = considered the best form to regulate sexuality
Premarital sex and adultery considered sins
Celibacy is discouraged
Sex within marriage is considered pleasurable for husband
and wife
intercourse prohibited during menstruation (but not other forms of sexuality between husband and wife) |
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Term
| Fundamentalism and Gender in Islam |
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Definition
Fundamentalism advocates traditional pure way of life and piety
Its a rejection of, or battle against, modern life
Strong separation of masculine and feminine domains
Women expected to be submissive to men
Women excluded from being leaders
Women’s identity tied strongly to “wife” and “mother” |
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Term
| What do kinship systems do? |
|
Definition
culturally defined relationships and rules for
determining family membership
its's important in:
transmitting status to next generation
transmitting property to next generation
determining how family ties are established in marriage
determining how family ties are established for children |
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Term
| 3 basic categories of kinship |
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Definition
marriage
descent
fictive kinship |
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Term
|
Definition
| union of strangers transformed into kin |
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Term
|
Definition
| husband or wife, in- laws |
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Term
| consanguinal relationships |
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Definition
| biological links = parents, grandparents, children |
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Term
|
Definition
| social unit whose members believe they have ancestors in common |
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Term
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Definition
systems that emphasize either the mother’s or the father’s line, but not both
Unilineal descent was/is found most often in hunter-gatherers
horticulturalists, and nomadic pastoralists societies
Up to 20th century, about 60% of all human cultures followed unilineal descent patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| children are assigned to their mother’s kin group |
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Term
|
Definition
children are assigned to their father’s kin group
patrilineal descent was/is much more common than
matrilineal descent |
|
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Term
|
Definition
descent traced through both mother’s
and father’s ancestors |
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Term
|
Definition
| childern are memebers of both descent groups (patrinileal and matrilineal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| men trace ancestry through male lines, women through female lines |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals select either mother’s or father’s descent line |
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Term
|
Definition
all children are members of both parents’ descent lines
bilateral descent is by far the most common of the cognatic
descent systems |
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Term
|
Definition
founder of descent group
Common to both lineages and clans is the belief of descent
from an apical ancestor
In Judeo-Christian tradition, Adam and Eve are apical ancestors to all of humanity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
members can trace
the names and relationships of their kin in each generation
from apical ancestor to present
example: Jews and Arabs share Abraham as their apical
ancestor |
|
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Term
|
Definition
members don’t trace their
ancestry through each generation back to apical ancestor
used by CLANS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
when apical ancestor is not human, but an animal or
plant
Ex. Wanano Indians of Northwest Amazon believe that
humans descended from the sacred anaconda
Often there are prohibition on hunting totem animals and
totems must be treated with respect |
|
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Term
|
Definition
creates kinship links where they normally do not exist
based on friendship or other personal relationships (not marriage or descent as described above)
godparents
- adoptive parents
- fraternity brothers & sorority sisters
- priests (as fathers), nuns (as sisters) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| parents and offspring living together |
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Term
|
Definition
| : 3 or more generations of kin living together |
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Term
| collateral extended family |
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Definition
| siblings, their spouses, and their children living together |
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Term
|
Definition
married couples establish a new home apart
from their parents and other family
culturally preferred, and most common in US |
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Term
| matrilocality (uxorlocal) |
|
Definition
post-marriage residence with or
near wife’s family |
|
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Term
| patrilocality (virilocal) |
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Definition
post-marriage residence with or
near husband’s family |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mankind to refer to all humans
When referring to generic person, masculine form is used
uses male possessives, not female
use of male form for group identity in Spanish, Italian, French
women lose their names in marriage |
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Term
| Gender and non verbal communication |
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Definition
girls/women look each other directly in the eye
men don't |
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Term
| Gender games and communication |
|
Definition
boys games:
large groups
rules and roles
commands and interruptions in games
games with VALUE
girls: small groups or pairs
no rules
focus on communication |
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Term
| Gender and verbal communication |
|
Definition
Men think women talk a lot because they hear
women talking in situations men don’t talk much
-telephone
- at home when couple is alone
people think women talk more but really:
Men talk more often than women
Men talk for longer periods of time than women
Men ask more questions, longer questions than women |
|
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Term
|
Definition
women- private speaking
Language used to establish rapport connections with other speakers |
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Term
|
Definition
(men)- public speaking
Language used to preserve independence and maintain status
-Exhibiting knowledge or skill
-Holding center stage through verbal performance (jokes, storytelling, imparting information) |
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Term
| Women's Controversial Styles |
|
Definition
Women’s identity in society mirrors the way she communicates
Women avoid stressing firm opinions and find ways to minimize their verbal expression
Tag questions (This situation is strange, isn’t it?)
Hedges (It’s probably true.)
Rising intonation for questions (When are you coming over? Soon?)
Amplifications (I’m so, so happy that you won the game.) |
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Term
| Structuralist anthropology |
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Definition
certain processes that humans think about and organize the world because we have similar brains.
Based on BINARY SYSTEM. – we organize opposites and relate them to one another. |
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Term
|
Definition
Language is a system that creates meaning through a
system of arbitrary binary oppositions between meanings and sounds |
|
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Term
| two signs of structural linguistics? |
|
Definition
signifier - pattern of word
signified - meaning of word |
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Term
|
Definition
Culture is organized in binary method like language
Myths, rituals, and social organization (kinship, marriage, incest
taboo) are all reflections of a underlying structure of the human
brain
this system DIVIDES what is culture from what is natural
Separates humans from natural world |
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Term
| (Levi-stratuss)Incest taboo |
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Definition
incest prohibits marriage and sexual relations between close relatives
Way for culture to regulate nature
Sexual reproduction dealt with culturally
Forms the basis of marriage in all cultures |
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Term
|
Definition
Marriage rules are based on the reciprocal exchange of women to
men
A system of generalized reciprocity – not immediate exchange of items/people
Women exchanged- are the SIGNS in the system of marriage exchange between families
women = objects moved around
men = move the objects (women) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
culture
as women are to nature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
women are second class citizens in every culture
Every society has distinction between NATURE & NURTURE
Men able to go beyond natural
Women held back to natural |
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Term
|
Definition
transfers obligations between two people.
Once a gift is given, this binds giver and receiver in a system of continual social relationships (and exchange) |
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Term
|
Definition
not immediate exchange of items/people
A man (father) in one family gives his daughter in marriage to a
man (son) in another family expecting another family to give
their daughter to his son to marry in the future |
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Term
| what are some of the traditional gender roles of men and women in "When the mountain tremble?" |
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Definition
men :
pick cotton and manage crops
cut down plantain trees
fought in the army
women:
prepare food
take care of childern |
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Term
| What are some of the nontraditional gender roles of me and women in "when the mountains tremble"? |
|
Definition
men:
helped take care of childern
women:
joined the fight in the army |
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Term
| What was the role of the US in Gutamala in the time period of the film? |
|
Definition
worked toward a movement called Nation Liberation
Gutamala became a democracy
Gutamala wanted US investment |
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Term
| What were the different forms of violence that the Guatamalan military directed at men and women? what were similar forms? |
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Definition
| gasing, beating with a stick, burned alive in spanish embassy, torture |
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Term
| What is the significance of an indigenous woman narrating the documentary? |
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Definition
| Indigenous women were left without a voice- this doc gives them a voice that they wouldnt normally have. |
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Term
| How do men and women aquire status in Masai? |
|
Definition
size of village
ownership of cattle
number of childern and wives
women's status= LOW |
|
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Term
| importance of circumcision for boys and girls? |
|
Definition
circumcision= symbol of manhood for boys and womanhood for girls
boys become warriors
girls sent to new village to get married |
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Term
| what type of kinship and residence rules after marriage occurs in Masai? |
|
Definition
patricarcial residence
where the women leaves her kin to join her husband's family
women leave behind their entire village to a new one |
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Term
| Why must Masai women have childern? What happens if they dont? |
|
Definition
so when her husband dies the cattle doesnt get disbursed
if they dont have childern, they lose their rights and are not welcome in their community
basically USELESS |
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Term
| Masai myth of male control over cattle |
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Definition
| a woman who killed an animal told her son not to go herding so all the animals went wild and because no child herded them. WOMAN'S FAULT |
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Term
|
Definition
| union of strangers transformed into kin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| social unit whose members believe they have ancestors in common |
|
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Term
| fictive kinship definition? |
|
Definition
| creates kinship links where they normally do not exist |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the view that, for any specific entity (such as an animal, a group of people, a physical object, a concept), there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function |
|
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Term
| anthropology begin with what evoultional theory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differential reproductive success shapes evolution of human
social behavior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
human behavior is culture
people develop different behavior to pass on genes |
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