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| the holistic study of human beings and the human condition worldwide in both the past and the present. (not fully attainable) |
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| Birth, Sexuality, Puberty, Death etc. |
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| Four Fields of Anthropology |
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| Achaeology, Physical/Bio, Linguistic, Social/Cultural. All can be "Applied" |
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| Social/Cultural Anthropology |
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| Holistic Study of human populations in the present |
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| The fabric of meaning in terms of which human beings interpret their experience and guide their actions; social structure |
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| The form that actions take, the actually existing network of social relations |
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| A written account or film of a particular society and culture using ethnographic methods |
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| The methods of ethnography |
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| Interview, participant-observation, long term fieldwork |
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| The comparative study of many cultures |
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| Historical description of a particular people,culture,society,usually from the understanding of that people,culture and society |
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| 3 Periods of European Description of Others |
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Definition
-Classical & Medieval
-Age of Discovery/Exploration
-Colonialism & Post Colonial Period |
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| Herodotus' Contribution to Anthropology |
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Definition
The founder of Ethnography- Concepts include observing common decent, language, religion as well as smaller details such as dressing, dieting and dwellings
-formulated comparative method |
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| Herodotus' Systematic Approach to Ethnography |
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| Categories>Use Informants> Obervation & Interviews> Experience culture through learning native language |
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| Ethnocentrism in Medieval Period |
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| Stories and Assumptions were made in order to help understand the outer world (ie fairy tales) |
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| European's reentering old world and their interaction with nature to collect ethnographic data |
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| pre-cultural, primitive, uncultivated or uncivilized in humankind |
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| Condorcet's Contribution to Anthropology |
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| Creation of the 'Civilized Scale' - what is civilized(us) to what is primitiven |
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| Nature shared gifts unequally |
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| Created inequality & discrimination among the civilized and the primitive |
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| "All Men are Blank Slates" |
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| "All Men are Savages & Must Compete to Progress" |
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| "I believe that savages and the cilivized can live in a dystopia, living amongst eachother" |
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-Never did any field work
-Created 3 levels of social evolution (determined by religion)
-savagery (animatism)
-barbarism (polytheism)
-civilization (monotheism) |
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| Determining factors in what Anthropologists Study |
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| Lack of: human societies organized around industrialism, nuclear family, forces of bureaucracy, technological specialization. |
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| Malinowski's Contribution to Anthropology |
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Definition
First to do fieldwork, his process:
-1 year+ intensive study
-study every detail
-personal interaction
-connection through language
-leaving behind ethnocentrism |
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| Franz Boaz Contribution to Anthropology |
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| A founder of fieldwork, grasps natives perspective through relativism |
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| Response to ethnocentrism, comparing a culture/society to the ones own worldviews |
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| Margaret Mean Contribution to Anthropology |
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Student of Boas - did fieldwork for him in Samoa studying adolescence applying relativism to compare to American culture
nature vs nurture |
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| Methodological Relativism |
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| Awareness of cultural baggage-bias |
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-systems of relationships
-Organization
-forms of associations
-standardized modes of behavior |
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| Cross-cultural comparison & the comparative approach |
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| When a society exhibits stratification it means that there are significant breaks in the distribution of goods services, rights obligations power prestige |
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| Common cultural perspective transmitted through learning |
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| Structured Open-Ended, Unstructure, Spontaneous & planned |
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| Those who see the meaning in cultural practices |
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| Emic knowledge recast into anthropological concepts, explanations & analysts |
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| Use and acknowledgement of negotiated reality & intersubjective knowledge |
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| Intersubjective knowledge |
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| Knowledge of which effects the native studied |
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| Anthropological researchers need to be aware of ____________________ when studying a society |
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| The effects of their presence, including avoiding harm, respecting well-being/ethics, and that each community has their own code of ethics |
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| The Europeans ethnocentrism's effect on the primitive |
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