Term
| *Agriculture was independently invented around the world at the same time |
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| means of making a living; productive system |
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way of organizing production - a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge
1. foraging 2. horticulture 3. agriculture 4. pastoralism |
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hunter-gathering
-mobile: move with the seasons
-challenge our perception of progress
-CONSEQUENCES: small group + large land = fission |
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Definition
cultivation that does not involve the use of land, labor, capital, or machinery
-simple tools
-impermanent homes
-slash/burn agriculture (regenerate for next season)
-semi-nomadic (able to store food |
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economies based on domesticated herd animals
1. nomadism
2. transhuman |
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| Some follow the herd, some stay at home |
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| deciding which types of people will perform which category of work |
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| reciprocity and redistribution |
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exchange between social equals
1. generalized
2. balanced
3. negative |
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| giving of goods and services without expectation of immediate return (ex. favors, parents -> kids) |
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| equal change expected (gift giving -maintaining relationships with groups) |
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| gift is given and someone loses: unequal |
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| Goods given to a central authority and then given back to the people in a new pattern |
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-There is no single, adequate definition of marriage across cultures
-Marriage represents an alliance of larger social units |
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Term
| Edmund Leach's Functions of Marriage |
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Definition
1. Establish legal parents
2. Gives either/both sexual monopoly
3. Establish joint fund for children
4. Creates new type of relationship between all parties involved |
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sexual relations with a close relative
*incest taboo is a cultural universal |
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practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group
*forces people to create and maintain a wide social network |
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| marrying within a clan (ex. Indian caste system) |
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| gift from husband to wife's family (insurance against divorce) |
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| gift from wife's to husband's family |
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variety of plural marriage in which one man has more than one wife
*But monogamy is more common, less expensive, and more rational |
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| variety of marriage in which a woman has more than one husband |
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alliances between groups (communities, families, etc.)
1. Sororate
2. Levirate |
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| alliances that involve widower marrying one of his deceased wife's sisters |
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| alliances that involve the widower marrying one of her deceased husband's brothers |
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-political alliance marriages are harder to break up than individual one's
-discouraged by bridewealth payments
-more common in matrilineal societies and societies in which post-marital residence is matrilocal |
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| rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry |
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| descent group that can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor |
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| descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it |
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| consists of a married couple and their children |
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| family in which one is born and grows up |
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| family formed when one marries and has kids |
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| children of 2 brothers or 2 sisters (mother's sister's kids) |
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| children of a brother and a sister (Ex. father's sister's kids) |
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Definition
1. Sudanese
2. Hawaiian
3. Eskimo
4. Iroquois
5. Omaha
6. Crow |
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Term
| Sudanese Kinship Classification |
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Definition
-largest # of distinctions
-different cousin terms and different terms for each parent's individual sibling
-found in societies with ascribed statuses/substantial class divisions |
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| Hawaiian Kinship Classification |
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Definition
-Nuclear family members are more recognized as distant kin
-Distinguished by gender, not relationship |
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Term
| Eskimo Kinship Classification |
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Definition
-Bilateral (no distinction between patrilineal and matrilineal relatives
-Nuclear family members are assigned unique labels that are not extended to any other relatives (ex. all of the dad and mom's brothers have the same name, but mom, dad, bro, and sis, all have different names) |
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| Iroquois Kinship Classification |
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Definition
| -in unilineal descent societies where distinctions between mom and dad's kin is crucial |
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Definition
| -informant-driven: not all terms are universal: what your informant calls them and who they deem to be important are included |
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the first cocalero in Congress in Bolivia
-fights to put indigenous people in charge of their own lives |
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| -plant grown in Bolivia that is used to make cocaine, and because of this has been made illegal in Bolivia, stripping the Bolivian cocaleros of jobs and financial support for their families |
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| dispersion of a people from their original homeland and the community formed by such a people |
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| ethnic groups who once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country) |
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| an autonomous political entity; a country like the U.S. or Canada |
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| the ability to exercise one's will over others- to do what one wants; the basis of political status |
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| esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary |
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| those fields of the social system (beliefs, politics, and institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of norms and the regulation of conflict |
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| all a person's material assets, including income, land, and other types of property; the basis of economic status |
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Definition
-making and enforcing public decisions
-resolving disputes
-regulating the behavior of its measures
-ensuring safety from external threats
**non-state forms of political organization have complex state political systems superimposed on them |
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Term
| Ellmund Service's typologies |
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Definition
1. Band
2. Tribe
3. Chiefdom
4. State |
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Term
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Definition
form of political organization associated with foraging groups
-flexible membership (fusion and fission)
-lack of formal leaders (flexible and situational)
-all members of group are social equals
-band "leader" has certain authority/influence, but no special status
-public opinion maintains social order (informal mechanisms: gossip, ridicule, avoidance) |
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form of political organization
-horticulture and pastoralism
-comprises several bands
1. Segmentary
2. Big Man/Woman |
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-between band and tribe
-smaller units unite in face of external threats and disunite when threat is absent |
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-between tribe and chiefdom
-reliance on leadership of key individuals who develop political following through personal ties and redistribute feasts
-build political base and gain prestige, influence, and authority through a system of redistribution or exchange
-regulate internal affairs (crop planting)
-regulate external affairs (intergroup feasts, trade, war) |
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Term
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Definition
political unit of permanently allied tribes and villages under one recognized leader
-cannot function without chief position filled
-regulates production/redistribution
-solves internal conflicts
-plans raids and warring expeditions
-criteria for becoming a chief is clearly defined (ascribed, achievement important as well) |
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Definition
central political unit encompassing many communities and possessing coercive power
-autonomous political units with smaller communities within
1. centralized political structure
2. defined social roles
3. intensified food production
4. elaborate public buildings
5. writing /record keeping |
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