Biological determinism

people are driven to do certain things b/c they are biologically destined to

Class

classifying people based on certain economic factors

culture dictates peoples behaviors

shaping, categorizing or judging a culture based on its own standards

sharing of the same ideas amongst a group of people

judging another culture based on your own system of standards

- seeing everything as a whole, seeing a culture from all aspects

a grouping based on physiological traits, like hair or skin color

inherited and cumulative change in the characteristics of a species, population, or culture

obtaining food available in nature through gathering, hunting, or scavenging

the process by which organisms better adapted to the environment reproduce more effectively compared with less well adapted forms

–residence in permanent settlements such as villages, towns, and cities, which began with plant and animal domestication and intensified during the Neolithic era and the emergence of farming

the preference for living in groups and interacting regularly with members of the same species

–insiders’ perceptions and categories, and their explanations for why they do what they do

analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture

a firsthand, detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observation

–an aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the research participants of the intent, scope, and possible effects of the proposed study and seek their consent to be in the study

a research technique that involves gathering verbal data through questions or guided conversation between at least two people

– basic fieldwork method in cultural anthropology that involves living in a culture for a long time while gathering data

a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer

linked processes of livelihood, consumption, and exchange

a form of livelihood involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spatial mobility

a form of agriculture in which farmers produce mainly to support themselves but also produce goods for sale in the market system

a form of agriculture in which farmers produce mainly to support themselves but also produce goods for sale in the market system

a mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools

a mode of livelihood based on keeping domesticated animals and using their products, such as meat and milk, for most of the diet

a form of livelihood that involves continuous use of the same land and resources

dominant way of making a living in a culture

–a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value

a mode of consumption in which people’s demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in the effort to satisfy these demands

a category of personal or household budget used to provide for consumption needs and desires

– an exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services, usually between people roughly equal in social status

exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return

an unwritten, culturally embedded rule that prevents an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than anyone else

the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions, in which the forces of supply and demand determine value

the dominant pattern, in a culture, of using things up or spending resources in order to satisfy demands

the dominant pattern, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups

a medium of exchange that can be used for a variety of goods

a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and to receive gifts from the hosts

something given with no expectation or thought of a return

a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group, who then, at a later time and at a public event, “returns” the pooled goods to everyone who contributed

the formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value

a system of transfers in which one party seeks to make a profit