Term
|
Definition
| Referring to molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows, resembling ridges, or 'lophs'. This trait is characteristic of Old World monkeys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molar that has five cusps with grooves running between them, forming a Y shape. This is characteristic of hominoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age of Mammals, because the extinction of many groups allowed mammals to greatly diversify. small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. 55.8 mya |
|
|
Term
| Terrestrial quadrupedalism; |
|
Definition
| hind limbs =forelimbs, limbs are long relative to torso |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forelimbs=hind limbs (hind limbs slightly longer), limbs are short relative to torso length(balance), relatively long fingers and toes, long tails (counterbalance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
special case of terrestrial quadrupedalism; African great apes
If long limbs of equal proportion are advantageous for terrestrial locomotion, why do African apes have long forelimbs?
both terrestrial and arboreal behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ratio of lower extremity pressure devided by upper extremity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is where the neck muscles attach to the skull. It's a rough ridge on the occipital bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinct family of primates which lived in the Eocene and Oligocene periods in Egypt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family of the infraorder Catarrhini from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene of Africa and Europe that may have given rise to the Old World monkeys and the hominoids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes babies that are not very well developed and are utterly incapable of taking care of themselves. |
|
|
Term
| complexity of the cerebral cortex in five different areas: |
|
Definition
| the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, and the superior and inferior regions of the frontal lobe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| n. A form of selection that occurs in an environment with plentiful resources, favoring a reproductive strategy in which many offspring are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of selection that occurs in an environment at or near carrying capacity, favoring a reproductive strategy in which few offspring are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapted for seizing, grasping, or taking hold of something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to see the same scene with both eyes in slightly different ways |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Dentition (We are heterodonts) |
|
Definition
| An ancestral trait of primates, refers to fact that primates teeth differ in size and shape, in fact we have four different kinds of teeth in our mouths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals which possess more than a single tooth morphology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plesiomorphic (primitive) state for vertebrates, and is common in elasmobranchs, bony fish, amphibians, and most reptiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a trait that is present in an organism, but was absent in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. |
|
|
Term
| apomorphic (derived Trait) |
|
Definition
| derived or advanced characteristics that arose relatively late in members of a group and therefore differ among them; advanced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: purposefully
knock-kneed. Keeps our feet planted w/in our center of
gravity, also, helps distribute upper body weight
Bipedal feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jaws muscles anchored
on top of skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all apes & all humans, whereas
Hominids (family level) only humans species
No external tail, brachiator anatomy
Wide & shallow chest compared to quadruped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = Humans Family Hominidae determined by Evidence of bipedalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to incisors that project more in the horizontal than in the vertical plane." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps between teeth to receive the projecting canine of the opposite jaw, especially in those animals with very large canines such as baboons and gorillas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a ratio used to compare limb proportions, expressed as a percentage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the presence of a bicondylar angle, or valgus knee; a more inferiorly placed foramen magnum; the presence of a reduced or nonopposable big toe; a higher arch on the foot; a more posterior orientation of the anterior portion of the iliac blade; a relatively larger femoral head diameter; an increased femoral neck length; and a slightly larger and anteroposteriorly elongated condyles of the femur.
Enlarged joint surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Knuckle Walking, Longer legs than arms, pelvis is above there head when walking, foramen magnum is placed towards the back of the skull, the pelvis shape is more vertical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic era. It is the youngest period of the Mesozoic era, and at 80 million years long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis. When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another.[1] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which states that evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (called anagenesis). In this view, evolution is seen as generally smooth and continuous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - A trait is understood to refer to any structure, function or behavior that occurs in various species in at least two different forms. From an evolutionary standpoint, the individual forms of a certain traits are not equivalent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A derived or specialised character. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ancestral or primitive character. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An apomorphy (derived or specialised character) shared by two or more groups which originated in their last common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A character shared by a number of groups, but inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a family of early primates that radiated during the Eocene epoch between about 55 to 34 million years ago (mya) North America, Europe, Asia, and possibly Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a family of extinct primates that primarily radiated during the Eocene epoch between about 55 and 34 million years ago. However, one specialized endemic Asian group (sivaladapines) survived into the Miocene. North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a genus of extinct primates. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years old in the Miocene,
ancestor to the modern orangutans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an extinct genus of ape that existed from roughly one million years to as recently as three hundred thousand years ago,[1] in what is now China, India, and Vietnam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Bipedalism, Changes from a C curve to an S curve, Keeps the center of gravity over the pelvis, S curve is great for absorbing shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moreover, humans have a foot arch rather than flat feet.
When non-human hominids walk upright, weight is transmitted from the heel, along the outside of the foot, and then through the middle toes while a
human foot transmits weight from the heel, along the outside of the foot, across the ball of the foot and finally through the big toe. This transference of weight contributes to energy conservation during locomotion. |
|
|
Term
| • 1. Arboreal hypothesis (splat hypoth.) |
|
Definition
• Tree. Suggests that primate derived traits provided an advantage to adapting to & living in the trees.
• Sounds plausible. Prob’s/Criticisms?
• Tree squirrels: well adapted to the trees, but don’t have the derived features of primates |
|
|
Term
| Visual Predation hypothesis: |
|
Definition
focuses on what
earliest primates were doing in the trees...hunting
Shared ancestral traits
(not used as basis of taxonom. classification) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of 5 digits on hands & feet |
|
|
Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
|
Definition
| is one of the oldest known species in the human family tree. This species lived sometime between 7 and 6 million years ago in West-Central Africa (Chad). Walking upright may have helped this species survive in diverse habitats, including forests and grasslands. relative to the chimpanzee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before spreading throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 million years ago. During this time period various forms of australopiths existed, including Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. sediba, and A. africanus |
|
|
Term
| -Quadruple anatomy:arboreal |
|
Definition
| -somewhat longer hindlimbs to signifacntly longer hindlimbs than forelimbs. Terrestrial- limbs of equal length. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hindlimbs much longer than forelimbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forelimbs much longer than hindlimbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of forelimbs to hindlimbs. (Humerus+radius length ÷ femur + tibia length) × 100 |
|
|
Term
| Position of foramen magnum: |
|
Definition
| anterior in humans, bottom. Posterior in apes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of attachment for the temporalis muscles used in chewing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflect the relative length of the upper vs. lower arm and upper and lower leg. Radius length ÷ humerus length ×100. |
|
|
Term
| generalized dentition/heterodonts: |
|
Definition
| canines, incisors, premolars, and molars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of quadruped, African apes, walk on knuckles |
|
|
Term
| diastema (CP3 complex): spaces in which canines fit in the upper and lower tooth rows, and a premolar just posterior to the bottom space that is sharpened as it sharpens the upper canine |
|
Definition
| spaces in which canines fit in the upper and lower tooth rows, and a premolar just posterior to the bottom space that is sharpened as it sharpens the upper canine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (two-crested) in which two crests connect the pairs of cusps in a medio-lateral direction. Old world monkeys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic Y-shaped formed by valleys between molar cusps in apes and humans. |
|
|
Term
| tooth row shape patterns: high crowned |
|
Definition
| teeth-tooth sticks up far above gumline, hyposodont, herbivores. Two types of hypsodont molars are lophodont(have elongated ridges that connect the cusps) and selenodont (have cusps that have been elongated in an anterior-posterior direction to increase cutting surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| -tooth row shape patterns: Low-crowned |
|
Definition
| Low crowned: molar tooth relatively low-crowned is describe as brachydont, one type-bunodont (square-shaped molars with low, rounded cusps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paleocene(66-56 mya), Eocene (56-34 mya), Oligocene (34-23 mya), Miocene (23-5.3 mya), Pliocene (5.3-1.8 mya), Pleistocene (1.8 mya-10,000 ya), Holocene (10,000 ya to the present) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in Mesozoic era, 146-66 mya, mass extinction of dinosaurs
-parapithecidae: fossil primate family, extinct primate family from the Oligocene of Egypt; members share similarities to new world monkeys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinct primate family from the Oligocene of Africa (found in Egypt in the fayum);early catarrhines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asian hominoid from india and Pakistan, appeared about 15 mya. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asian hominoid related to sivapithecus, appeared in india and Pakistan in the late Miocene (about 9mya). Larger species persisted until less than 1mya in china and Vietnam, coexisted with homo erectus |
|
|
Term
| sahelanthropus tchadensis: |
|
Definition
| earliest member of the human line, found in Chad, central Africa (7-6 mya), represents the earliest split from the ape line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| still quite ape-like in some cranial features, the australopiths are all bipedal and is the likely candidate for the ancestor of Homo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three species sharing a number of cranial and dental adaptations related to feeding on hard objects. Aethiopicus, robustsus, and boisei |
|
|
Term
| gracile australopithicus: |
|
Definition
the more slender form of early hominid, africanus
-genus homo: goes back 2.4 mya, changed greatly over time, with several recognized species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with early Homo. Stone tool industry nmed after site it was found, habilis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone tool industry associated with Homo ergaster, large, bifaces, and typically tear drop shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint, or of the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a position of either the forearm or foot. When the arms are unbent and at the sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a type of stone tool created by striking a long narrow flake from a stone core. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An early ape that postcranially resembles a monkey, but dentally is hominoid (i.e., has a Y-5 molar configuration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. It is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull |
|
|
Term
| Great Rift Valley (africa) |
|
Definition
| where the site of Olduvai Gorgeis found. it is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and has been instrumental in furthering the understanding of early human evolution. This site was occupied by homo habilis approximately 1.9 million years ago, Paranthropus boisei 1.8 million years ago, and Homo erectus 1.2 million years ago. Homo sapiens are dated to have occupied the site 17,000 years ago. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a site in Tanzania, dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and famous for its hominin footprints, preserved in volcanic ash
Dated to 3.6 million years ago they were also the oldest known evidence of bipedalism at the time they were found, although now older evidence has been found such as the Ardipithecus ramidus fossils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which premolars come to look like molars. Outside of our own genus, Homo, most hominins had molarized premolars. One species, Paranthropus boisei, has an extreme form of this morphology, with premolars three times the size expected for its body size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a measure of the volume of the interior of the cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that are still in existence, meaning still alive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bony arch in vertebrates that extends along the side or front of the skull beneath the eye socket and that is formed by the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mental eminence is basically the chin. Anatomists call this the mental eminence because people sometimes hold it when they think. It is often larger and squarer in males than in females. A chin that does not stick out much and is somewhat pointed should be scored a "1". A bump that sticks out quite far and is more square-shaped should be scored a "5". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the origin and the development of an organism – for example: from the fertilized egg to mature form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (or individual) differences found in skeletons are simply natural variations, in the understanding that every body is different, and rarely are people exactly the same (identical twins excluded). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are due to biological and physiological differences. |
|
|
Term
| prosimian grade of development |
|
Definition
| the beginnings of the euprimates, the "primates of modern aspect." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the five families of primates that are found in Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or Cercopithecidae are a group of primates, falling in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade (or parvorder) of Catarrhini. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, shrubland and mountainous terrain |
|
|
