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| a condition in which cells within the same person hgave different genetic makeup. Can efect - blood cells, egg and sperm cells, and skin cells. |
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Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal cresent shape caused by abnormal hemoglobin
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The probability that the line of decent from an individual with a specific trait will not die out
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| Darwin - Depending "on the advantage which certain individuals have over others of the same sex and species solely in respect of reproduction" |
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| Redundancy of the genetic code |
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Degeneracy - The genetic code has redundancy but no ambiguity
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| Borh alleles and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant in equilibrium |
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| Idea state that provides a baseline against which to measure change Hardy - Equilibrium is improbable in nature. |
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| Change in frequency of a gene varriant (allele) in population due to random sampling |
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Is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
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| Have the correct number of chromisomes |
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| The condition of having an incorrect number of chromosomes |
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| Under developed breasts, infertile rudimentary ovaries, lack of menstration, short stature, neck webbing, heart problems, skeletal abnormalities 1 in 2000 females |
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| Malformed and/or small testies, lack of sperm development, some with breast development, low fertility some with mild reardation 1 in 500 / 1 in 1000 male |
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| fertilized egg formed by union of male and female gametes |
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| type of mutation in which one or up to a few bases/ is/are mistakenly out of place in the DNA |
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| failure of chromosomes to seperate before moving to opposite poles of the cell durring ana phase, results in wrong number of chromosomes in the daughter cells after cell division is complete. |
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| Mistakes that result is an extra or missing piece of chromosomes , entire chromosome, or set of chromosomes. |
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| A primary factor causing evolutionary change in populations in which individuals whose inherited traits allow them to better survive and/or reproduce contribute more offspring to the subsequent generation. |
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| Movement of genes from one population gene pool to another, causing change in gene frequencies of both former and new gene pools. |
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| Alternative form if a specific gene; Different alleles code for different forms of a trait. |
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| Oblong organelle where adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production occurs for cellular energy; Possesses its own DNA, called mitochondrial DNA |
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| a segment of DNA coding for a specific polypeptide (or protein) |
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| The allele pair present for a specific locus in an individual |
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| Outwardly observative traits and features of an individual; May be physical or behavioral |
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| Individuals with type o blood because their blood can be donated to type a and type b individuals without provoking an immune response |
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| Individuals with type AB blood who can recieve all blood types because their blood serum has neither Anti A or Anti b antibodies ith which to attack antigens of blood cells of a different type |
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| The condition of having inherited two different alleles at a particular locus |
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| The condition of having inherited the same two alleles from the parents at a specific locus |
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| Clumping effect of serum antibodies with antigens of red blood cells of a different blood type |
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| proteins formed by the bodys immune system in response to specific invading antigens |
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| Immune response of a mother to her developing fetus in the RH - Mother begines to produce anti-bodies in response to antigens on her RH + fetus red blood cells; Can result in potentially Fatal anemia |
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| The cell that results from the asymmetric division of an OOCYTE - Produced after every meiotic division They are smaller in size and become the ovum. |
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| Homologas pair chromosomes |
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Definition
| Chromosomal couples of each type of chromosome |
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| Structure that contains the genetic material (DNA) seperated from the rest of the cell by nuclear membrane |
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| Deoxyribonuclcic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| A nucleic acid in the form of a long, linear molecule compound of bases sugar and phosphate molecules; the genetic material of all organisms |
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Definition
| type of RNA strand synthesized by using a DNA gene as a template; carries the "messages" of the DNA sequence of a gene from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during protein synthesis |
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| type of RNA whose function is to transport amino acid to the appropriate place along the mRNA strands during protein synthesis |
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| All chromosomes except the sex chromosomes |
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| chromosomes responsible via their gene products, for determining the sex of an individual X and Y chromosomes |
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| The position a gene occupies as a chromosom, 23 |
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| Principle of Independent assortment |
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Definition
| Mendel's law stating that the presence of particular "characters" (alleles) of one trait will not affect the expression of genes of another trait. |
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| Mendel's Law stating that for any given trait, members of a pair of "characters" (alleles) seperate (segregate) from each other during the formation of gametes, so that only one copy (one gene) is passed on from each parent. |
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| cells making up the structural composition of the body; all cells other than gametes; possess the diploid chromosome number |
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| Haploid cells that pass on genmetic material to offspring at fertilization; sperm and egg cells. |
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| the condition of males for an X-linked trait: becasue males only have one X chromosome, they cannot be homozygous or heterozygous for X-linked traits |
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| the most basic unit of both DNA and RNA; consists of one phosphate molecule, one sugar molecule, and one base |
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| Triplet of three bases of an mRNA strand read by ribosomes during protein synthesis; each codon determines a specific amino acid |
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| small structure compound of proteins of RNA |
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| The first step of protein synthesis in which mRNA is synthesized, using a DNA segment (a gene) as a template; Occurs in the nucleus |
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| The second step of protein synthesis in which mRNA codons are "read" by ribosomes, and "translated" into an amino acid sequence; occurs in the cytoplasm |
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| Amino acids not produced by the body and must be taen in as protein |
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| The chromosomal compolement of an individual; ALso, an organizd arrangement of an individual's chromosomes |
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| A statement proposed to explain some phenomenon; framed to be testable/falsifiable |
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| Rigorous procedure that is used to identify the most probable explanation for natural phenomena |
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| Term that describes the number of chromosomes in gametes; One-half the full chromosomal complement, or one set of chromosomes |
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| Term that describes the number of chromosomes in somatic cells. |
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