Term
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Definition
| early American tool tradition; projectile point attached to a hunting spear |
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Term
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Definition
| a lineage group marked by one or more specific genetic mutations |
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Term
| broad spectrum revolution |
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Definition
| foraging varied plant and animal foods at the end of Ice Age; prelude to Neolithic age |
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Term
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Definition
| widespread middle eastern foraging culture (12,500-10,500 BP) |
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Term
| Three Goals of Anthropology |
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Definition
1. reveal the form of the past
2. discover the function of the past
3. understand the cultural processes |
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Term
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Definition
| material items that human have manufactured/ modified |
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Term
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Definition
| nonportable remnants from the past, such as housewalls or ditches |
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Term
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Definition
| human made or modified environments |
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Term
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Definition
1. art:(1st) creative use of interpreting expressing and enjoying life
2. domestication:(2nd) human interference in reproduction of another species
3. sedentism:(2nd) living in permanent structures
4. civilization: a society with an extensive sociaal hierarchy |
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Term
| Wild vs. Domesticated animals: |
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Definition
Size: wild= larger
environment: wild= natural
morphological changes= domesticated
increased population=domesticated
sex/age ratio= normal in wild |
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Term
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Definition
accidental: most productive plants get selected for
intentional: purposefully plant wild varieties and select for desired traits
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Term
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Definition
accidental: earliest dogs
intentional: mobile food source (cattle and sheep) |
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Term
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Definition
| society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of social divisions- strata- with unequal wealth and power |
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Term
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Definition
| society with rudimentary status distinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| ranked society with two or three level settlement hierarchy |
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Term
| What did food production lead to? |
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Definition
early farming communities (Jericho and Oaxaca)
higher food yields
larger populations |
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Term
| Why did humans shift from foraging to sedentary and farming lifestyle? |
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Definition
- sedentism was attractive: plants/animals always available
- Middle east had large area with stable advantageous climate and high diversity of species ( not in Americas)
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Term
| Disadvantages of Sedentism and Domestication |
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Definition
- population change: large increase
- shift in diet: farmers rely on small number of food types
- insecure food supply: greater susceptibility to disasters
- increase in disease: greater concentrations of people
- environmental degredation: agriculture changes environment
- increase in labor: longer work days for farmers
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Term
| Advantages of Sedentism and Domestication |
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Definition
- farmers need less land than hunter-gatherers
- farmers have more predictable food source
- farming in less damging to the body: less violent deaths and longer lifespans
- sedentism means new opportunities for social complexity
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Term
| Explaining Neolithic Changes |
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Definition
- environment: reacting to environmental change
- population pressure: supporting larger numbers
- human sociability: greater social organization
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Term
| Rise of Civilization (Ranked Societies) |
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Definition
- Middle East- 7000 ya
- Nile Valley- 5-6000 ya
- Indus Valley- 4500-5000 ya
- China- 4000 ya
- Peru/Andes Mtns- 3500 ya
- Mesoamerica- 3200 ya
- South Eastern US- 2500-3000 ya
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Term
| Archaeological markers for social complexity |
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Definition
- monumental architecture: constructions of greater-than-human scale
- artifacts: indicate particular social activities
- burials: features associated with interment of bodies
- settlement patterns: distribution of sites and people across the landscape
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Term
| Attributes of Early States (no longer exist) |
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Definition
- regional territory: show population control
- farming economies: majority farmers, base of social heirarchy
- tribute/taxation: how non-farmers support themselves, provided for needs of society as whole
- stratified social class system: rulers, elite, middle class, famers, slaves
- building programs: organizing/managing construction of buildings
- record-keeping systems: primarily for taxes, some writing systems
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Term
| Theories of the Rise of Complex Societies (No single cause) |
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Definition
- hydraulic systems (Middle East): canal management and organization
- long distance trade (middle East, North and South America): individuals expolled trade
- circumscription, Population and War (middle East): population growth limited by boundaries, which led to limited resources and war
- religion (South America): stratification (rare)
- charismatic leaders (Maya): specific individuals became important and their influence led to rise of complexity
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Term
| Why Early States Collapsed |
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Definition
- warfare
- prolonged drought
- social transitions
- disease
- famine
- environmental changes
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Term
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Definition
| body of popularized accounts that use real or imaginary archaeological evidence |
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Term
| cultural resource management |
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Definition
| recovering information and protecting sites from development |
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Term
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Definition
| illegal vandalism/plundering of sites |
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Term
| Responsibility of Archaeologists |
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Definition
| modern issues of skeletal burial analysis and different ethnic grops (NAGPRA) |
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Term
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Definition
| means of making a living, productive system |
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Term
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Definition
| nonindustrial plannt cultivation with a following |
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Term
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Definition
| cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively |
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Term
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Definition
| annual movement of population moves seasonally with herds |
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Term
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Definition
| egalitarian age and gender: hunter-gatherers, mobile, rely on natural resources, band societies |
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Term
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Definition
| only part of population moes seasonally with herds |
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Term
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Definition
| system of resource production, distribution and consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| specific set of social relations that organizes labor |
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Term
| means(factors) of production |
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Definition
| major productive resource, i.e. land, labor, technology, capital |
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Term
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Definition
| allocation of scarce means among alternative ends |
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Term
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Definition
| flow of goods into center, then back out. characteristic of chiefdoms |
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Term
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Definition
| principle of governing exchanges amond social equals |
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Term
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Definition
| buying, selling, and valuation based upon supply and demand |
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Term
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Definition
| runs from generalized(closely related/deferred return) to negative(strangeres/immediate return) reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges among closely related individuals (unequal-good?) |
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Term
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Definition
| midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative (equal) |
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Term
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Definition
| potentiall hostile exchanges amond strangers (unequal, one sided- bad?) |
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Term
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Definition
| competitive feast on North Pacific coast |
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Term
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Definition
| group based on belief of shared ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear family in which one is born and grows up |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear family established when one marries and has children |
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Term
| lineal kinship terminology |
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Definition
| four parental kinship terms (M,F, FB=MB, MZ=FZ) |
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Term
| bifurcate merging kinship terminology |
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Definition
| four parental terms (M=MZ, F=FB, MB, FZ) |
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Term
| generational kinship terminology |
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Definition
| two parental terms: (M=MZ=FZ and F=FB=MB) |
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Term
| Two economic anthropology questions |
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Definition
- what motivates people in different cultures?
- how are economis organized in different societies?
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Term
| What motivates people in different cultures (economic anthro)? |
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Definition
- classic western economic theory: rational allocation of scarce resources to particular uses, maximizing (gain largest individual profit margin)
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Term
| How are econmies organized in different societies (economic anthro)? |
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Definition
- distribution and exchange:organization of economies
3 systems:
- market principle
- redistribution
- reciprocity (generalized, balanced, negative)
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Term
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Definition
| two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption |
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Term
| 3 forms of Descent groups |
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Definition
- lineage: common known ancestor (patrilineage= male line)
- clan: believe they have a common ancestor- may not specify geneaological links (often mythical)
- bilateral kindred group: membership based on recognizing close relatives on the mother and father's sides
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Term
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Definition
| structured and organized human relationships of interdependence |
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Term
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Definition
| no two individuals will have same kinship, but they might follow the same patterns |
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Term
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Definition
- Aunts: MZ or FZ
- Uncles: MB or FB
- Nephews: BS or ZS
- Nieces: BD or ZD
- Cousins: FBS, FBD, MBS, MZD
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Term
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Definition
| children of two brothers or two sisters |
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Term
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Definition
| children of a brother and sister |
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Term
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Definition
| marital group by husband's group to wife's group |
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Term
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Definition
| substantial gifts to husband's family from wife's group |
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Term
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Definition
| culturally approved relationship which transforms an individual's status, connects two descent groups and is always symbollically marked (this is characteristic of MOST societies) |
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Term
| Generalities about marriage for most societies |
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Definition
- implies permitted sexual access
- establishes legal parenthood
- creates joint property
- create new kinship lines
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Term
| Adavantages of plural marriages |
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Definition
- equalize sex ratios
- marrying late in life
- economics
- political reasons
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Term
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Definition
| cultural sanctions against sexual relations with a close relative |
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Term
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Definition
| small, kin-based group of foragers, usually about 100 people, egalitarian, lack formal law and political institutions |
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Term
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Definition
large kin based group (horticulture/pastoralism) slightly egalitarian, big man societies/ sodalities, nomadic politics
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Term
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Definition
centralized polity with two or more group: single chief in a ranked society/horticulture
social status based on kinshp |
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Term
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Definition
| a centralized political system, specialized, makes laws and uses force, social stratification, military structure |
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Term
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Definition
- population control: managing, tracking, and organizi populations
- judiciary: laws as explicit codes for behavior
- enforcement: system to enforce laws
- fiscal: fiscal system
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Term
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Definition
| cultural behavior becomes "natural" (how ruling class maintains order) |
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Term
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Definition
| belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, forces (universal/cultural) |
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Term
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Definition
- maintains social order
- explains the unexplainable
- provides cultural cohesion
- context for daily experiences
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Term
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Definition
| belief in souls and spirits |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in supernatural, impersonal force |
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Term
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Definition
supernatural techniques intended for specific aims
imitative, contagious, ritual, controlling the uncontrollable |
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Term
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Definition
| stylized, repetitive social practice set off from the social routine of everday life |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that they descend from/are connected through a mythical being or force (creates group solidarity) |
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Term
| Problems with Defining Religion vs. Secularism |
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Definition
- beliefs of the supernatural in secular contexts
- distinguishing the supernatural from the natural
- what makes religious behavior since it varies so greatly
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Term
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Definition
| domination of a culture by a foreign power |
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Term
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Definition
modern world system-core, periphery, subperiphery
proves existence of global culture, linkages
destruction of global economies |
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Term
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Definition
modern cultural contact/conflict
development and environmentalism/religious change
cultural imperialism |
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