Older than 6 MM years ago

Found predominantly in Ethiopia:

Olduvai Gorge, Hadar (Lucy), Omo, and East Turkana

Ardipithecus kadabba

Ardipithecus ramidus

Kenyanthropus platyops

Australopithecus garhi

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus africanus

Australopithecus anemensis

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Paranthropus boisei

Paranthropus robustus

Paranthropus aethiopecus

Homo habilis

Homo rudolfensis

Homo erectus

Homo ergaster

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens sapiens

Established by Nicholas Steno

Principle of original horizontality

William Smith was first to do a pratical large-scale application in the 1790s through 1800s

Created geologic map of England

First recognized significance of strata/rock layering

Also importance of fossil markers for correlating strata

Cufier and Brogniart of the geology of the region around Paris

This dating method is based on fact that there are specific chemical changes in skeletal remains that result from burial underground

1949, studied Piltdown skull found

Kenneth Oakley discovered Piltdown man was fraudulant

skull was human, jaw was young orangutan

Only viable technique for dating old archaeological materials

Isotope of Potassium 40 decays to the gas of Argon 40

By comparing the proportion of K40 to Ar40 in a sample of volcanic rock, and knowing the decay rate of K40, the date of rock can be determined

When rocks are heated to melting point, any Ar40 contained in them is released into the atmosphere

Mary and Louis Leakey, 1931, 1935, 1958

1935 saw Louis picking up a mandible, ruining archaeological evidence

1958, Mary finds evidence, and drags her malaria-riddled husband to the site

Discovered by Mary Leakey
"face looks nothing like us"

Too gorilla like

Sagittal Cresting

"Nut Cracking Man"

Lead to an evolutionary dead-end

British who discovered first skull of fossilized ape on Rusinga Island

Called Zinjanthropus at Olduvai

1974, by Mary Leakey

3.5 MYA

footprints of Australopithecus afarensis

About 3.4 MYA

used as proof of monogamy

Graduate student in 1970s

Studied in Ethiopia

Leakeys were his mentors

Discovered Lucy and "first family"

Son of the Leakeys

Site of Omo, Ethiopia

Clark Howell, dates to 2.9-1 MYA, oldwan tools

Was the minister of culture in Kenya/Tanzania/Ethiopia

Dates 4.4 MYA

Remains of Ardipithecus ramidus

Bipedal, trait shared with Ardipithecus kadabba

Wife of Richard Leakey

Kanapoi and Allia, Kenya

thought meat would be easier to chew than bark

22 specimens of Australopithecus anamensis

Born in Kenya

Daughter of Meave and Richard

West Turkana

Climate Change on evolution of indigenous animals 3.3-1.6 MYA

Mostly ignored due to Leakey family

First hominids were found in a quarry near Johanasburg

Drimolen site

discovered in 1992

Most complete Paranthropus robustus cranium

Taung Baby itself was an Australopithecus africanus

Wernicke's Area - controls motor coordination of tongue

Broca's Area

Outer left portion of brain

Endocraniums - imprint on outside of brain by looking at endocranium print

Darwin was first to study this by studying kids writing cursive

Studied with Johanson

Volume 326 of Science

Large back teeth, small front teeth, some with large canines

small brains (400-530 cc)

3-5 feet tall

Sexual dimorphism

Dr. Meave Leakey

discovered in 1999

strikingly different from Lucy species

3.5 MY old

Black Skull

Dead end

Discoverewd in 1985

Largest of Paranthropus species

Discovered by Mary Leakey in Olduvai Gorge in 1959

Sagittal cresting with wide, flaring zygomatic arges

Lived 2.6-1.4 MYA

Mary and Louis Leakey

Found between 62 and 64

First to show cultural traits and tool use

Cranial size 600 cc

1924

Proposed by Raymond Dart

Taung baby

Osteodontokeratic (bone, tooth, horn culture)

Popularized by Robert Ardrey

Fossil evidence disproved theory

found by a student

1970s

Based off primates living today

Didn't understand mophology to diet

Animals that eat grass traditionally have slick surface to their teeth

1979

A sexual division of labor

Concealed ovulation

Hunting and tool useage

Applied to earliest hominids, Australopithicines

1980's

High calorie, high protein foods

Meats and marrow helped establish brain growth in proximity to body size

Patterns on oldowan tools showcase evidence supporting scavenging

1.9-250,000 years ago

First hominid to leave Africa and settle in Asia and Europe

Brain size 775-1250cc

Large supraorbital torus

Nuchal torus

flat face

Thick skull bones

receding chin

Reason facial changes occur is due to reliance on culture

First person to deliberately search for fossils of ancestors

Dubois was a dutch medical officer

Arrived in Sumatra in 1887

found the femur of Pithecanthropus erectus in 1891

Java, Indonesia

Learned of discovery of 2 human teeth in Zhoukoudian in 1926

Began excavation in 1927

Site in Georgia in 1991

Showed Homo erectuslived in both Asia and Africa

Scavanger

Division of labor (men are expendable)

Aucheulian tools

use of fire for cooking plants (proposed by Dr. Wolpoff)

Communication (abstract thinking)

Petralona, Greece, Swanscombe, England, Steinheim, Germany, and Arago, France

used fire, collected animal skulls, build shelters of hide and wood, used plants and animals as food items, developed better stone tools

Series of shallow dwellings

small poles supported by rocks

some shelters contained hearthes

all but two areas were strewen with bone and coprolites

Modern humans and Neandertals share higher than 98% genetic similarities

First discovered in Neander Valley, Germany in 1856

La Chapelle, France, Boule studied in 1901, he stated Neandertals were dimwits

large brain size, rounder skull, smaller supraorbital torus, larger mastoid process, smaller teeth/molars, small mandible, larger nasal aperture, rounder occipital bun, 5-6 feet tall, dark skin pigmintation, hyoid very human like

Ate plants in the form of eating animals that ate plants

Gibralter - 1848 - Child remains

Neander Valley - 1856

La Chapenne France, 1901

St. Cesaire France dates 37-35,000 years ago

Mt Carmel area, Skhul Cave, Tabun Israel

Shandiar cave, Kurdistan Iraq, first burials 1950s

Krapina, child burial with goal horns

Wadi Israel dates to 45,000

Qafzeh site @ 100,000 years

24,500 year old skeleton found in Portugal shows Neandertal and early humans intermixed and produced children

Trinkaus, paleontologist examining  4-year-old skeleton child syas the find is not the isolated offspring of Neandertals and early modern human couple, but demonstrates that the two lived side-by-side and interbred.

Multi-regional hypothesis

Asia, Africa, and Europe (each would be their own lineage)

Gene flow keeps population going

He dismisses dates, not morphology

Out of Africa theory

"They all come from a single point in South Africa"

Cann and Wilson

Studiend mitochondrial DNA for 147 modner humans of varying races

All mitocondrial DNA derives from a single woman living around 300,000-200,000 years ago

This link would take us back to Homo erectus

Species of "Dwarf human"

Discovered in Liang Bua, Indonesian island of Flores

417 cc brain

Human like teeth with a receeding forehead and no chin

95-13,000 years ago

Stone tools, fire

Hunted pygmy elephants, komodo dragons, and giant rats