Term
|
Definition
- domestic: making and using for self
- industrial: producing to sell
- tributary: taxes
- telecommuting: pots-industrial
- incentives for labor vary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more leisure time than labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that organisms forage in such a way as to find, capture and consume food containing the most calories while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so |
|
|
Term
| Three Types of Goods Distribution |
|
Definition
- reciprocity
- redistribution
- market exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- generalized: no immediate expectation for return (parents taking care of kids)
- balanced: immediate expectation for return
- negative: immediate expectation, fending, eye for an eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Oceania (Trobriand Exchange)
- ceremonial exchange
- armband and necklaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State (Service and Fried)
- Continuum, hybridization
- Related to other cultural systems |
|
|
Term
| Social Hierarchy determines differential access to... |
|
Definition
- Resources
- Wealth
- Power
- Prestige |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- egalitarian: rank
- rank: tribe is equal with signs of rank
- stratified: state level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage outside one's group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Band Groups |
|
Definition
- Egalitarian, achieved status
- Small family groups
- Hunting, gathering
- Authority (not power)
- Acephalous
- Bilateral kinship, exogamous
- Warfare largely absent
- Informal social control/order
- Nomadic
- Generalized and balanced reciprocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Egalitarian, achieved status, Big Man
- Pastoralists, horticulturalists (foraging)
- unilineal kin groups (clan)
- Larger population size
- Balanced and generalized reciprocity, some redistribution
- Age sets and grades
- Segmentary lineage system
- Acephalous
- Authority
- Go betweens, informal social control/order, and compensation
- Warfare present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- BaMbuti Pygmies
- Yanomamo
- Tiwi
- New Guinea Highlanders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Socially ranked society
- Not acephalous
- Redistribution
- Ascribed status
- Less internal violence
- Agriculture, Pastoralist, Foraging?
- Fear, loyalty, military? (social control) |
|
|
Term
| Cahokia is what kind of group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| State Group Characteristics |
|
Definition
- Socially stratified
- Agriculture (private property)
- Citizenship (not kinship)
- Ties along political lines
- Large populations
- Ascribed status
- Military, government, laws (power)
- King, president, dictator
- Informal and formal conflict resolution
- Many theories: circumscription, irrigation, warfare, etc.
- Market economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Asante
- US
- New Guinea: blend, participates in NG commerce meetings |
|
|
Term
| Division of Labor Theories |
|
Definition
- physical strength (sexual dimorphism)
- compatibility w/ childcare
- economy of effort
- expendability
- primary and secondary subsistence
- Man the Hunter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- role reversal
- dominant females, submissive males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- biological male and females, but
- males and females challenge gender roles |
|
|
Term
| Transgenders in Different Societies |
|
Definition
- Hijra: India
- Xanith: Oman
- Two-Spirited: Native Americans |
|
|
Term
| Van Gennep's Three Stages of Rites of Passage |
|
Definition
- separation: puberty, graduation, death, marriage
- liminal: birth
- reincorporation: newborn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Victor Turner's concept of a perceived state of group unity |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Rites of Passage |
|
Definition
- common in societies where infant death is common
- reinforces emotional bonds, solidarity, and social order
- rituals serve to legitamize change or occurrences
- unlimited variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Marriages are alliances between families
- A socially approved sexual and economic union usually between a man and woman |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Division of labor
- Prolonged infant dependency
- Sexual competition and social unrest
- Postpartum requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Incest Taboos
- Cooperation
- Childhood-Familiarity
- Family-Disruption
- Inbreeding
- Universal Incest Taboo
- Post-partum sex taboo and Menstruation taboo
- Exogamy
- Endogamy
- Preferential vs. Prescriptive Marriage Rules
- Levirate/Sororate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- monogamy (serial)
- bigamy
- Polygamy
- polyandry (fraternal and nonfraternal)
- polygyny (sororal and nonsororal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mother's brother's child
- father's sister's child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mother's sister's child
- father's brother's child |
|
|
Term
| Types of Families and Domestic Groups |
|
Definition
- nuclear: immediate family
- extended
- composite: Brady Bunch, polygamy
- single parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Neolocal: sets up a new residence
- Bilocal: settles near both families
- Matrilocal: settles with wife’s family
- Patrilocal: settles with husband’s family
- Avunculocal: settles with husband’s mother’s brother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sets of kin that believe they are descended from a common ancestor but can’t specify the genealogical link
- Phatries:groups of supposedly related clans
- Moieties: when a whole society is divided into 2 unilineal descent groups without specified links to the supposed common ancestor of each |
|
|
Term
| Function of Unilineal Descent Groups |
|
Definition
- regulate marriage
- economics
- religious
- political
- kinship rules regulate power and property transfers in non-state level societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Patrilineal (found among native Americans)
- Merging of generations on mother’s side but not father’s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Matrilineal or double descent
- Emphasizes importance of unilineal descent
- Same term for mother and aunts
- Same term for father and uncles
- Parallel cousins referred to as brother and sister |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Found among North American foragers
- Bilateral descent
- Emphasizes nuclear family (terms not used for other kin)
- Outside of nuclear family other kin lumped together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Matrilineal equivalent of Omaha system
- Relations on male side are lumped together
- Generational differences on female side recognized
- Unilineal descent important, therefore
ages, generations not important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Emphasizes distinctions between generations and reflects equality between mother’s and father’s sides
- Least number of kinship terms
- Found in Polynesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Highly descriptive
- Used in Africa (primarily Ethiopia)
- Different terms for almost every relative
- Tend to be patrilineal, however, may have some matrilineal tendencies towards descriptive terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- visual
- olfactory: smell
- auditory
- tactile: touch
- movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- facial expression
- body language
- stance
- gesture
- tone
- symbols
- music |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| utterances can be combined to create new meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- language of contact, trade, NOT its own language
- first language composed of elements from two or more different languages |
|
|
Term
| Who believed that language was innate (natural)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who believed in the imitation theory of language acquisition (nurture)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- we can't think about things that we don't have words for
- thoughts and behavior are partially determined by language
- focuses on the relationship b/w language, thought, and culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- worship of one god
- worship of many gods |
|
|
Term
| Who practices syncretism, and what is it? |
|
Definition
- Santaria
- Catholic and tribal elements blended |
|
|
Term
| Functionalist Approach to Religion |
|
Definition
| explains natural events and disasters, reinforces social order, and relieves anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people believe that their actions can control supernatural forces and compel them to act in a particular and intended way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempts to make supernatural forces or spirits work harm against others |
|
|
Term
| Religious and Magic Practitioners |
|
Definition
- shamans
- sorcerers or witches
- mediums
- priests |
|
|
Term
| Means of Addressing the Supernatural |
|
Definition
- prayers
- magic
- sacrifice
- divination
- vision quest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of divination by use of scapulae (shoulder blades) |
|
|
Term
| Means of Getting in touch with the supernatural |
|
Definition
- trances
- chants
- pain
- fasting
- visions
- hallucinogenic drugs
- alcohol
- meditation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of different groups' beliefs on healing |
|
|
Term
| What do the Trobriand Highlanders grow to give to their sisters and married daughters to show their appreciation for their husbands and increase their own status? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of trade in which mutually distrusting ethnic groups avoid direct personal contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stock piled food and other goods that signify wealth
- practiced by the Tlingit, Haida, and Kwakwaka'wakw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money or goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride or her family upon marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the splitting of a descent group into two or more descent groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized category of people based on age, everyone passed through a series of categories throughout life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age grade categories together |
|
|
