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ANTHRO FINAL
ANTHRO 14
67
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
12/16/2015

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Libido
Definition
sexual desire that humans are all born with according to Freud

it can come from anything or person
Term
Freud's Stages of development?
Definition
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
Term
ORAL STAGE
Definition
0-18 months
oral fixation (pleasure from the mouth)

caused by neglect or overfeeding as a child.

can lead to:
overeating
loud
obnoxious
need
Term
ANAL STAGE
Definition
1-3 years
child moves from mouth to anus
unresolved conflucts
increase assertiveness of child and idependence from parents
Term
what is anal retentive?
Definition
perfectionist, orderly?
Term
What is anal expulsive?
Definition
messy, careless
Term
PHALLIC STAGE
Definition
pleasure in GENITALS
masturbation starts

penis = main interest for BOTH girls and boys
fantasies with opposite sex parent
Term
Oedipal Complex
Definition
Boys have unconscious sexual attraction to their mothers
develop castration anxiety - knowing that mother lacks a penis causes boys to fear losing their penis by their father and ultimately supress their desire for mother

they must reject this desire to develop proper masculine behavior
Term
Electra Complex
Definition
Girls have unconscious sexual attraction to their father

Girls recognize that they lack a penis and blame their mothers  rejects her mother (and all women)

PENIS ENVY

Girls must symbolically learn to identify with mother to develop proper masculine behavior
Term
what happens if the oedipal/electra complex arent resolved?
Definition
may result in
promiscuity, sexual inhibition or sexual confusion in
adulthood
Term
LATENCY STAGE
Definition
(6 – 12 years
libido stability
sexual desires repressed and translated into socially accepted roles of friendship and achievement
Feelings of shame, guilt, and disgust arise
Term
GENITAL Stage
Definition
Puberty through Adulthood
associated with
heterosexuality

Female sexuality shifts from clitoris centered (in adolescence) to vagina centered in adulthood

if you can only orgasim through your clit you're not a woman basically
Term
Womb Envy
Definition
Karen Horney
men envioius of women ability to bear childern

in result, men feel the need to dominate women
Term
Malinowski Critique of Oedipal Conflict
Definition
not culturally universal, but
based on different family structures

that Oedipal
Complex was a result of Western patriarchal family
structure
Term
Chodorow’s Psychoanalytic Model
Definition
Mother as care giver role to child is responsible for personality development of boys and girls


Feminine personality: develops in relation with, and connection to other people
Masculine personality: develops in independence to other people

Women are not destined (by their biology = lack – of penis)
to be doomed to inferiority to men
Term
Girls Personality Development
Definition
A Mother has a close identification with daughter

Leads to girl never completely rejecting her mother in favor of men

 Girls gender identity develops in relation to character traits and values of her mother (and other women in general)

 gradual learning of how to be woman through nurturing role of mother who is always present
Term
Boys Personality Development
Definition
A mother pushes away her son, emphasizing his
masculinity in opposition to her femininity


Leads to sons rejecting mother creating self-reliance and independence

 Boys have to learn to identify with more distant father (who is out of household earning a living)

 Boys development is through Discontinuous role learning (cared by mother, yet forced to learn masculine identity from distant father
Term
What type of societies would boy and personality traits that Chodrow describes cause problems for women
Definition
societies that devalue women, patrilineal societies (low female status)
Term
Two Spirits (Indigenous North America)
Definition
Two-spirits conceived as having two spirits in one body =

Associated with special spiritual/ritual powers
Perfromed ritual and religious ceremonies
Healers
Divination (fortune tellers)
Arranging marriages
Term
male two spirits
Definition
skilled in women's/ domestic work
Term
women two spirits
Definition
warriors or hunters
Term
Is sexuality a defining criteria in two-spirits?
Definition
NO!
sleep with same sex but not considered gay
Term
Hirjas
Definition
in urban areas of Northern India
neither men nor women
wear women's clothes and have male sexual partners

worship Bahuchara Mata Goddess
Term
Emasculation Ritual
Definition
(nirvana) is essential in the process of becoming a hijra
Rite of passage (movement of person into different status is called the rebirth by hijras

from ordinary, important male into spiritually elevated hijra
(human sexual desire seen as a distraction from spiritual purposes)
Term
Work and Hijras
Definition
Traditionally Perform at marriages (dance and sing)
bless children (particularly boys) when they are born
bless family with fertility
work as prostitutes
Term
Travesties in Brazil
Definition
born men, take feminine role and attracted to men

don't see themselves as women

work as prostitutes
Ingesting or injecting female hormones
Injecting silicone into bodies to make bottem rounder
Term
Sworn Virgins: Albania
Definition
Person born female who takes on Male social role

Able to have privileges of living life as a man as long as she
remains celibate and unmarried
Dress like men
Do work of men
Use men’s tools (guns)
Attend male – only events
Term
Reasons women became sworn virgins:
Definition
Avoid an arranged marriage
No sons left in family so sworn virgins assumes male role (inherits property – pass on to future male heirs)
Term
Western Views of Sexuality : sexuality vs sexual ortientation?
Definition
Sexuality: sexual desires, sexual practices and sexual orientation

Sexual orientation: arousal and sexual attraction towards other human
Term
Heterosexism:
Definition
belief than heterosexuality is normal and all other sexual orientations are abnormal
Term
Homophobia:
Definition
fear, prejudice, and negative acting-out towards
people who self-identify as homosexual
Term
) Kinsey Scale of Sexual Orientation
Definition
Sexual orientation of human beings is on a continuum from exclusively
heterosexual (0) to exclusively homosexual (6)
Term
Transgender US Europe
Definition
Traditional Euro-American views only two sexes and two
genders = male and female

 one’s gender is conferred by one’s sex organs

 these two categories are natural, unchanging, and
universal

 no such thing as a third gender category
Term
transvestite
Definition
(“cross dresser”):
Term
transgender
Definition
transgender (transsexual): person who believes they are of the
opposite gender from the sexual anatomy they were born with

(sex changes)
Term
hermaphrodite
Definition
person who has both male and female sexual
organs
Term
Ritualized Homosexuality: Sambia, New Guinea
Definition
Semen = life force

Women seen as potentially draining life force from men

 adolescent boys must engage in fellatio with older males to
nourish and build their strength and vitality

 this allows boys to engage later in life in healthy
sexual relations with women in adulthood
Term
Post modernism
Definition
Rejection of meta-narratives (grand theories that supposely explain social constructs
Ex. capitalism, heterosexism, Catholicism

all truth is meaningless

truth and false doesnt exist
identity is not fixed and is always changing
nothing is individualized, everything relates
Term
Post-feminism
Definition
there is no universal woman or woman’s situation and or position

Multiple identities overlap, intersect and struggle in many complex ways adapting to give social situations

Women and men are not necessarily joined or in conflict with one another

no essential feminine and masculine traits
Looks at women’s specific experiences rather than theories to explain women
Term
Discourse: (FOUCAULT)
Definition
systems of knowledge supported and created by institution that create reality and identity for people

normalizing discourses define what is acceptable in community
Term
Power-Knowledge (FOUCAULT)
Definition
creates knowledge and is based on knowledge
knowledge=power
power leads to discourse - defining whats true and whats false
Term
Panopticon
Definition
watch people to enforce control over them

prision with camera, police radar guns, "Big Brother" show, social security cards, survielence cameras
Term
Construction of Human Sexuality
Definition
NOT A FUNDAMENTAL REALITY

human sexuality based on system of discourse and increasing surveillance
Term
Discourses on Hetero + Homosexuality
Definition
Heterosexuality = normal
Homosexuality = abnormal

Both are not just sexual practices of the body, but Become a person’s identity (to be homosexual or to be a heterosexual)

Modern nation promotes heterosexuality and discipline/punish homosexuality

Ex. anti-sodomy laws; “Don’t ask, don’t tell”…
Term
HUSSG Early Colonial America (1500s ~ 1775)
Definition
primacy of family) Everything based on Reproductive sexuality


Sexuality regulation through…
-church
-family
-state
Marriage based on property alliances (arranged marriages)
Term
Mulatto
Definition
offspring of whites with blacks that became slaves

Difference with Latin America = mulattos often recognized childern of white fathers
Term
Early US Nation (1775 ~ 1900)
Definition
Increase removal of sexuality from religious Shift to civil control

Fertility rates dropped throughout 19th century

Use of contraception and abortion increased by married women
Term
Comstock Law
Definition
outlawed sending contraception information and/or devices through US mail
Term
1900 - Present
Definition
Movement from countryside to cities transforms gender &
sexual attitudes and practices
Dating becomes a way of life
-Delaying marriage
-Women entering work force, higher education



Women still expected to be virgins before marriage
Term
Medicalization of sexuality
Definition
(scientific study of sexuality- moving away from regious control and more towards science
Term
Roe V Wade?
Definition
1973 allows for abortions
Term
“Just Say No”
Definition
” (Nancy Reagan) effort to reduce teenage pregnancy
Term
First Wave Feminism (1840-1920):
Definition
1848) Declaration of Sentiments - all men and women are created equal…”

Fighting for abolition of slavery in US

wanted equality with men- aimed for the right to vote and to education
Term
Second Wave Feminism (1960-1990s):
Definition
Second Wave Feminism (1960-1990s):

The Feminine Mystique (Freidan 1963)

 false belief system where women find identity through their husbands and childern

 women’s work (domestic work) was not valued by society and not satisfying to women
Term
The Personal is Political
Definition
household gender relations mirror societal gender relations (there is politics within personal relationships)


= women subordinated in all realms in society
Term
Third Wave Feminism (1990s-present)
Definition
Accepting of differences among women (race, class, sexuality)

Increased attention to concerns of women of color, poor women

Greater exploration of alternative sexualities (bi, homo, trans…)
Term
History of Homosexuality
Definition
16th – 18th century: “homosexual” as an identity did not exist

Anti-sodomy laws (anal and/or oral sex) =jail, fine, and/or death

Late 19th century industrialization & move to cities spurred
increase of same gender sexual relations

Medicalization of sexuality  same sex relationships seens as sick, against humanity
Term
Don’t Ask Don’t Tell”
Definition
US military policy (1993):

1994-2008 – 13,000 soldiers have been discharged under DADT
Term
Sex Industry
Definition
No prostitution prior to Europeans

Prostitution spread mostly throughout Eastern cities and
Western frontier (ranching, mining) areas

Anti-prostitution movement in early 20th century

 moved prostitute from bordello (madame= female control) to street (pimp=male control_

Playboy (1953) moved pornography to mainstream


Internet pornography begin in late 1980s

Took off by mid-1990s when household internet connections became common

Today, $6 Billion dollar industry (Adult Video News 2007)

Child pornography is among fastest growing internet sites
(National Center for Missing and Exploited Children 2005)
Term
rites of passage
Definition
cermontal events that mark the passage of individuals into elevated social status
Term
3 stages of circumcision
Definition
segregation from normal, everyday life
2. liminal stage: transition stage from one status to next
3. Reintroduction to society in elevated social state
Term
history of male circumcision
Definition
earliest evidence in egypt 2400 BC limited to the elite
found in the Old Testament
practiced by Jews, Muslims, Christians
Term
(Medicalization of Circumcision)
Definition
performed clitoridectomy
to cure female “nervousness”)


By 1900, was advocated mainly for men to cure disease

NO MEDICAL EVIDENCE PROVEN
Term
What were the "medical" reasons men got circumcized?
Definition
- prevent syphilis
- prevent infection from smegma (secretions collecting beneath foreskin that can harbor bacteria)
- prevent the sin of masturation
Term
what was the rationale for male circumcision?
Definition
Boys identify with their father
bodies look the same

(Perceived) health benefits

Conforming to societal norms

Religious beliefs (Muslim, Jewish)

Custom
Term
types of female circumcision?
Definition
clitoridectomy (Type I): removes clitoris


excision (Type II): removes clitoris and (part of all of) labia major and minor


infibulation (Type III): type of II + remaining skin sewn together leaving reduced passage for unine, menstrual blood
(Type IV): other non-medical procedures to female genitalia (pricking, piercing, scraping, etc.)
Term
Rationale for Female circumcision?
Definition
Preserves virginity  thus preserving honor of girl and her family

in many countries, women are not marriage eligible until they have been circumcised


Curbs sexual desires of girls/women


“Purification” = achieve cleanliness through circumcision
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