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Anthro Final Vocab
FML
74
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
12/01/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hijras
Definition

Low Caste hindus or Extremely poor muslims, all born as men who feel they are women.

Perform at events and live within big cities and do not marry.

Term
Berdache
Definition

Men who adopted womens behaviors.

Dressed in womens clothes, do womens work etc.

HUA, crow, and Souix

Term
Manly hearted Women
Definition

Certain black foot women adopted male social behaviors.

Still wives and mothers

(Buffalo Robes)

 

Term
Ranked Socieites
Definition
one that ranks individuals in terms of their geneological distance from the cheif.
Term

Stratified Socieites

 

Definition

2 kinds- Caste Socieity and Class

Society is based on socio-economic categories

Term
Internalized/ Externalized Sanctions (part of social control)
Definition

I- Self imposed, personal shame and divine punishment. (Bands and tribes heavily rely on this)

 

E- Encourage conformity to social norms with positive and negative sanctions. 

Term
Informal Sanctions
Definition

No actual laws, involve immidiate reactions or approval of community members.

 

Ex. Dress code at church

Term
Formal Sanctions
Definition
Involve actual laws and carries a legal structure
Term
Social Controls
Definition
Mechanisms through which behavior is directed into acceptable channels
Term
Myths
Definition

Sacred narratives that tell about the universe through supernatural agency. Including cultural heroes.

 

Sets standards for orderly behavior

Term
Ritual
Definition

Patterns or acts that are used to influence supernatural powers. 

 

EX. Prayers and sacrifices 

Term
Imitative Principle (1 type of Sorcery)
Definition

Belief that simliar acts will produce similiar results

Ex. Burma, Voodoo dolls

Term
Contagious Principle (2nd type of sorcery)
Definition

Things once in contact remain in contact

Ex. Basutos of S. Africa

Hair stealing and magic on it

Term

Sorcery

2 kinds of principles

Definition

The use of spells, rites to cause supernatural harm to others.

(Immatative and Contagious principles)

Term
Witchcraft
Definition

The belief that certain indivduals possess innate power of causing harm. (mostly women)

 

Term
Shaman
Definition

a person who is believed to have special relationships with supernatural powers.

Powers can be used in a positive or negative way

 

(-)bewitching shaman

+curing shaman

Term
Becoming a Shaman
Definition

Training

deprivation of shit

having experianced unusal events.

Term
Priests
Definition
Religion specialist 
Term
Vision Quest
Definition

Indivudalistic cults

Wide spread among native American tribes 

Esp. Important to Great plains tribes

A quest to help define your life meaning and its relationship to nature.

Term
Ancestral Cults
Definition

Perform rituals askign their diseased ancestors for favors or to leave the living alone. Found where Kin groups make public decisions

 

EX. Africa Japan, Lugborra (uganda)

Term
Rite of Passage totemism
Definition

Belief that human groups have a special mystical relationship with natural objects.

(plants, animals, and inanimate objects)

Term
Revitalization movement
Definition

Conciously organized movements that help people cope with rapid changes.

 

Contains 3 conditions for the need of this movement-

  • Colonization
  • Domination of Outsiders 
  • Feeling of a lower status through foreign deprivation

 

Term
Cargo Cults
Definition

Where prophets claim to know certain secret rituals that will bring wealth

 

Ex. Melineisian Cargo cults

Term
Ethnomusicology
Definition
Study of music in its cultural context.
Term
Scarification
Definition

Tatooing through scars 

Nuer tribe

Term
Forms of Political Organization
Definition
Bands, Tribes, Cheifdoms, States and international governance
Term
Bands
Definition
  • Earliest and least complex 
  • Decentralized and informal
  • Small group of related people who occupy the same land
  • Older men are leaders, and stay in authority until they are not believed in or they choose to live with another band.
  • Ex. Kung, Austrlia aboriginese
Term
Tribes
Definition

Composed of different bands or other social units

 

Decentralized and informal

  Leadership based on the good morals of the indivudal

Horticultural and pasturalists

 

Tribal council deals with conflicts between bands, not within one band however.

 

EX. Cheyenne of Great Plains

 

 

Term
Cheifdoms
Definition

Centralized and Formal

Single cheif of several local groups

Positions are hereditary

Generally in ranked socieites

 

Ex. Tahitians of Polynesia, Pacific NW indians

 

Term
States
Definition

Centralized formal political structure

3 levels system- Ruling Elite, Bureucracy, Populace

Military and officail religions.

 

EX. India China Europe

Term
International Governance
Definition
Governance on a global scale
Term
Caste Societies
Definition

Membership based on birth.

No social Mobility 

Must marry within own caste (endogamous)

 

Term
Class Society
Definition

Social Mobility is possible

Position largely based on acheieved status.

Term
Caste System of India
Definition

Brahmin

Kshatriyas

Vaishas

Shudras

"untouchables"

Term
Brahmin
Definition

Preists and Scholars (study and teach)

Highest Caste

Perform rituals and sacrifices 

Term
Kshatriyas
Definition

Nobels and Warriors

Enjoy almost equal powers as Brahmin but less pure

Term
Vaishas
Definition

Mercahnts and Artisans

Middle and lower class

Term
Shudras
Definition

Farmers and craftspeople

Serves upper 3 caste groups

Term
Untouchables
Definition

Deal with all polluted aspects of the culture

Ex. Deal with child birth, animal carcusses, beef

 

Viewed as outcasts

 

If born into untouchables, No social mobility and jobs are passed down through generations.

Term
Client-Patron Relationship
Definition
Relations that are often carried over through generations.
Term
Caste of India originated from....
Definition
The Aryans who invaded and conquered what is now northern india.
Term

Levels of Purity

Gopalpur

Definition

Any kind of flesh you eat is not pure.

First- Vegetarian (brahmin)

2nd is Mutton(Lamb) without beef (Salt makers)

3rd Mutton and drink beef (Farmers)

4th Beef no pork (Butchers and Weavers)

5th pork and no beef (Stone Workers)

6th Beef and Pork (Leatherworkers)

 

Term
Gopalpur Caste System
Definition

Levels of Landlords(brahmin), middles class(Everything but leather and basket weavers)

and landless 

 

 

Term
Religion
Definition
belief in spiritual beings.
Term
Wallaces Fourfold Typology
Definition
Creation of 4 religious organizations (cults) that referred  to a system of beliefs that try to control or worship specific supernatual powers.
Term

Four types of Relgious Cults

(Wallaces fourfold)

Definition
indivualistic, Shamnistic, Communal, Ecclesiastical
Term
indivudalistic Cults
Definition

Vision Quests, No religion specialist, 

 

Individual will seek particular spirits for help or protection.

 

Not mandatory for girls.

Term
Shamanistic Cults
Definition

A cult which containts a shaman who holds supernatual powers.

 

Ex. Jivaro (Ecuador) Have both types of Shamans +-

Term
Communal Cults
Definition

Held for welfare of some group of people

Cults that seek help

 

Ex. Totemism , Ancestral Cults

Term
Ecclesiastical Cults
Definition

State sponsored, highly organized presithood in which rituals are held in grand buildings. (Sacrifices)

  Only Formal Cult

Ex. Aztec

Term
Art
Definition

Universal, process and the products of human skills applied to activity that meets the standards of beauty in a particular society.

 

Provides insight into that culture

(4 forms of it)

Term
4 forms of Art
Definition
Body, Visual, Perfromance, and Verbal
Term
Body Art
Definition

Physical Alterations- People attempting to enhance their appearance-

 

Body Painting for Yannomamo

 

In africa a hairstyle of the women indicate their marrital status. (Hopi)

 

Permanent alterations- Head shaping, teeth sharping- Chinook

Term
Visual Arts
Definition

Painting, or Sculpture, Religious or Secular

 

Jewlery or clothes

Term
Performance Arts
Definition

Music Song and Dance

Secular or Religious

Functions to integrate society

(Ethnomusicology)

Term
Verbal Arts
Definition

Creative forms of expression using words such as myth folklore

 

Folklore-oral traditions, Secular, most have a moral

Term
Art and Gender
Definition
Gender differences are often reflected through all forms of art based on color, designs and preformance
Term

Hua

 

New Guinea

Definition

Gender based on nu.

Nu is tranferable

Women lose it, men gain it from contact with them

 

Women lose it from menstruation & serving men and having sex.

 

Woman that has 2+ children, drains all of her nu therefore becomes like a man

 

Men gain nu throughout their whole life thus becoming like a woman

 

Term
Gender Categories of Hua
Definition

 

 

Figappa

Karora

 

Term

Figappa

 

Definition

 

 is like women (Children, women and elderly males)

Must be women with less then 3 kids

 

Lots of NU

Term
Korara
Definition

Like men- Very little Nu 

Women with over 2 children

Young Man in his prime

 

Term
Gender Mixing Among the plains Ameriindians of 19th century
Definition
Berdaches and Manly hearted Women
Term
Tahitians 
Definition
Cheifdom soceity, Ranked, Polynesian 
Term
Aka
Definition

Parents of Aka young are very indulgent towards them.

Punishment is rare, and commands are not forced.

Believe in children learning on their own and not systematically

 

Nurse until 3 or 4 years old

Term
Gusii
Definition
Gusii care for their children in a non-enthusiastic manner. Nurse until only 1.5 years old.
Term
Yanamamo Marriage System
Definition

Bride Service, female puberty right, Men can only marry cross cousins

 

No relationship with future mother inlaw

 

Phases of alliance formation- Trading, feasting, and exchange of women

Term
yanomammo Subsistence patterns
Definition

Semi agricultural people in habbiting northwestern brazil and part of venezuela.

 

 

Term
Gopalpur Marriage System 
Definition
  • Young man must earn money for his own wedding
  • Young girl must have good reputation
  • Can marry outside of village as long village sanctions it
  • Man becomes adult after marriage and is given help for good standing.
  • Arrangements decided by trusted 3rd party of both sides of family
Term
Gopalpur Kinship
Definition

Those lives in their house. Nuclear or joint.

Kinship through marriage helps alliances between other villages.

Term
Subsistence patterns of Gopalpur
Definition

Located in center of the plain

3 major crops 

Term
Dadi's Family
Definition

not mandatory to arrange marriages

Women work in the field

Do not wear traditional dress

 

Rebellious Family against tradtional norms

Term
Models of unity
Definition

A view of the indian caste system

 

Emphasizes its integrative function and the way caste benefits society as a whole.

Term
Models of diversity
Definition

Another view of Indian caste system

 

Assert that the high castes receieve greater benefits through the system than the lower castes.

Term
Summary of Kwelka Tribe ( Papa new guinea)
Definition

Ongka is the main guy

Big monka is a big pig feast celebration (reciprocity and redistribution)

 

After monka, ongka collected and redistributes them for status in return.

 

Ongka attempts to convince enemy tribe his tribe did not poison the pig. 

 

Ongka also raised money for the enemy tribe.

 

Enemy tribe killed 4 pigs in retaliation

 

Men and women live seperately

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