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| the two levels of human language: units of sound and units of meaning that those units of sound are combined to create |
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| words that are similar in two or more languages as a result of common descent |
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· - the study of the meanings of words especially as they relate to folk taxonomies. |
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| African American Vernacular English |
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| the study of language in its social contexts |
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| Form of nonverbal communication |
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· the use of ritual and paraphernalia to compel or manipulate the supernatural to act in desired ways. |
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| Magical acts with evil intent |
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| traditionally evil acts performed by individuals who possess inherent powers. We now recognize white (good) witchcraft. |
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| a system of ideas and rules for behavior based on supernatural explanations. |
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· a part-time, supernaturally chosen religious specialist who can manipulate the supernatural. |
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| the possession of supernatural powers by people, animals, places, or objects |
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· a political organization made up of groups of interacting units, each of which has a chief or leader. |
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| How a society acquires its food |
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| a subsistence pattern that relies on naturally occurring sources of food |
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| another name for the hunter/gatherer subsistence pattern. (see “Worst Mistake” and “Guns, Germs, and Steel”) |
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| the presence of acknowleged differences in social status, political status, political influence, and wealth among the people within a society. |
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· the practice of not recognizing and even eliminating differences in social status and wealth. |
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| the practice of prohibiting sex for a certain period of the time after a woman gives birth for purposed of limiting the birthrate |
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| small autonomous groups, usually associated with foraging societies |
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| refers to societies that move from place to place in search of resources or in response to seasonal fluctuations. |
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· the apportioning of a society’s jobs to specific individuals. IE: designating men’s and women’s job roles. |
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| when certain jobs are performed by certain individuals |
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· hunting and gathering in an environment that provides a wide range of food resources. |
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| Food Producing category Includes |
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| : horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture |
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| farming using human labor and simple tools |
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· the subsistence pattern characterized by an emphasis on herding animals. |
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| farming using animal or mechanical labor and complex technologies |
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· a human settlement pattern in which people largely stay in one place year-round, although some members of the population may still be mobile in the search for food and raw materials. |
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· a culture with an agricultural surplus, social stratification, labor specialization, a formal government, rule by power; monumental construction projects, and a system of record keeping. |
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| sometimes recognized as a subsistence pattern; characterized by a focus on mechanical sources of energy and food production by a small percentage of the population. |
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· giving with no expectation of equivalent return. |
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· giving with expectation of equivalent return. |
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| the archaeology of a society that has written records. |
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