Founder of the first department of Anthropology

Rejected the idea that non-modern cultures were primitive

believed cultures were not based on race

organized anthropology into four subsets: physical, cultural, linguistic, and archaeological

Studied the Yanomami Native Americans

used photographs to identify ancestry

practiced participant observation 

French

 Developed the collective consciousness - actions are inflused by society

famous for studies on suicide

Linguist

universal grammar - all languages share a cultural universal / structure 

Credited for first using fieldwork

studied the prsent rather than the past

Needs Functionalism - humans share universal biological needs; customs develop to kill those needs.