Term
| What does climate and elevation affect or influence? |
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Definition
| resources, strategies, interaction, culture (belief systems, rituals, subsistence strategies) |
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Term
| Archaic populations in Asia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
at least 60-50 kya
debate on routes and dates |
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Term
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Definition
cultural, linguistic, natural
change over time |
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Term
| Evidence of knowledge production in the past |
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Definition
oral traditions and texts
linguistic analyses
material records
genetic studies |
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Term
| How knowledge production of the past is affected |
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Definition
colonials would downplay the role of indigenous peoples
language/cultural barriers prevent collaboration
accessibility of sites (war, damage - plane of jars in laos)
nationalistic agendas |
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Term
| Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic Archaeology |
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Definition
Pre = before writing
Proto = some text, but not all sources in agreement
Historic = many texts and documentation |
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Term
| Colonial/Post-Colonial legacies |
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Definition
colonials downplay role of indigenous peoples
effects linger even after independence
language barriers tend to keep findings local |
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Term
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Definition
1st ancestor of Korean people, born 5 kya
tomb "found" and "dated" to 5 kya
right outside of Pyongyang |
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Term
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Definition
from the Dongson culture
linked culture to before the Han dynasty took over
Co Loa site |
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Term
| Jomon culture and Japanese identiy |
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Definition
| possible earliest pottery and shell mound, became important to Japanese culture (wasn't always) |
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Term
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Definition
state-sponsored
nationalist agenda
heritage conservation
tourism
rescue/salvage |
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Term
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Definition
| in W Philippine sea, claimed by several countries because of oil deposits, trying to use archaeology to justify |
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Term
| Glover article highlights |
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Definition
pre-state politics
-define geographic and cultural boundaries
-connect to a real or imagined past
-link to a historic, ancestral past (ethnic or linguistic)
-can justify a political agenda
Taiwan has more Austronesian roots, rather than Longshan culture |
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Term
| Stark, challenges for E/SE Asian archaeology |
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Definition
linguistic: many languages (57+)
intellectual: 3-age system not always in play; progressive complexity
ethical: responsibility of findings - keep findings local? will they be appropriated? |
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Term
| Pleistocene Epoch (Ice Ages) |
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Definition
2.6 mya to 12kya
continental plates mostly like today
repeating glacial cycles |
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Term
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Definition
Mode 1: Oldowan - hammerstone - 2.5 mya
Mode 2: Acheulian - hand axe - 1.7 mya - more abstract thought - not really found E of Movius line (probably more bamboo used) - associated with H. erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| China - H. erectus pekinensis - Zhoukoudian Cave - 700 kya - possibly 1st H. erectus to enter Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| Trinial, Java, Indonesia - H. erectus erectus - 1 mya to 700 kya - teeth similar to ours, similar height, walked upright |
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Term
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Definition
earliest hominin dispersal from Africa, 2 mya
Dmanisi in Georgia 1.7 mya
E Asia 1.8-1.6 mya
dispersal shows abstract thinking - capable of surviving so start to move around |
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Term
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Definition
Asian vs African tools
similarities: understanding of materials and fracturing; how to get them
differences: raw materials (rocks; bamboo) |
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Term
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Definition
China
1.3 mya
stone tools similar to Oldowan, mammal bone fragments
similar to Peking man |
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Term
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Definition
collection of sites on Java
80 individuals
1.6 mya
cutmarks on bones - shells as tools |
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Term
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Definition
Philippines
800 kya - pushed back colonization
tools w/rhino bones |
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Term
| Summary of Archaic humans into E/SE Asia |
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Definition
data currently suggests began 2mya in waves
climate change? behavior change?
problems: migration path, dates, one way or back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
in Africa 200-300 kya
earliest current evidence in Asia 80-120 kya
out of Africa vs multiregional (gene flow, moved in and out of populations) vs assimilation |
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Term
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Definition
Russia, 50 kya
genes neither AMh nor Neandertals
bone fragments in cave
Melanesians have 5% D dna and some N |
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Term
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Definition
China, 80 kya - teeth
oldest AMH evidence outside of Africa
30-70 ky older than Europe |
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Term
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Definition
63 kya in cave
inland travel, not just coastal |
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Term
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Definition
Indonesia - 190-50 kya - cave used
small adults
stone tools indicate ability to plan |
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Term
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Definition
Water was much lower - could see islands on skyline 70/60 kya
probably exploration - only need 20 people to start new population |
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Term
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Definition
Jerimalai, Timor, 42 kya - earliest evidence of AMH moving E and going fishing
crossing of Wallace line confirmed
but why no evidence found along the way?
earliest fish hook |
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Term
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Definition
W Australia rock art - earlier than European
39 kya in caves occupied 50-30 kya
cremation burial 30 kya
also in Indonesia 39 kya
this puts holes in the "paleolithic revolution" theory that suggests art developed in one place at one time
people had the mental capacity as they dispersed |
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Term
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Definition
18 kya, late Pleistocene
water 150 m lower, not until 7 kya modern levels |
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Term
| Sea of Japan interaction sphere |
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Definition
Okinawa - 23 kya - migration possible by foot
shell fish hooks found
technologically/typologically similar lithic sites found around area
Paektusan obsidian - 25 kya interaction, can trace chemical signature - shows exchange of goods and migration around sea of Japan |
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Term
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Definition
3 main pottery centers: SE China 18 kya; Japanese islands 16 kya; E Russia/Amur 16 kya
pottery precedes farming!
emerged independently
used to store seafood |
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Term
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Definition
15 kya
large herd animals becoming extint
sea levels rising
wider range of resources to use |
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Term
| Neolithic pottery in Russia |
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Definition
Amur, 13 kya
Sakhalin, 9 kya
deciduous forests - nuts stored - leach toxins? |
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Term
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Definition
16 kya - Jomon culture
fish/hunt/gather but no real ag - didn't need to, specialized knowledge of environment
but some cultivation
whale bones |
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Term
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Definition
Jomon site N of Honshu - 5 kya
600+ pit dwellings, 20 long houses, cemeteries w/jars for kids, storage and middens
clay figures at N and S
baskets, jade bowls, bit towers |
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Term
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Definition
Tongsam-dong - Korean, similar to Jomon, 8-3 kya
fish/shellfish/hunt
semi-permanent pit houses
possible trade w/Jomon - shell midden pile |
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Term
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Definition
fragments of human skeleton from early Holocene in Philippines
burn and cut marks, showing defleshing, ritual care of body after death/before burial |
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Term
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Definition
regional/temporal variability in pottery, can change in short time
complex relationships (human impact on biosphere, food diversity, mobility, tech innovations, rituals) |
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Term
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Definition
Luzon, Philippines - 25 kya (maybe 67)
wide methods of subsistence
burnt animal remains, forest products |
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Term
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Definition
Palawan, Philippines - 47 kya
nationally important; earliest for country
new data shows non-AMH maybe there 800 kya in Kalinga |
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Term
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Definition
Borneo, Malaysia - 45 kya
occupied off and on
evidence of hunting and butchering - many resources near caves |
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Term
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Definition
groups capitalized on different strategies
diff prey, topography, environment at diff cave parts
micro and macro factors |
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Term
| evidence for domestication |
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Definition
fertile crescent 11 kya
in E Asia, 9 kya in N/S China
N China - Yellow river, millet
S China - Yangzi river, rice |
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Term
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Definition
China, 20 kya
ash layers in hearths with deer and wild rice |
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Term
| Archaeological evidence of domestication |
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Definition
| farming tools, storage facilities, processing tools (grinding stones, burnt seeds), change in seeds or animals (species differentiation) |
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Term
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Definition
N China, yellow river millet
beginnings of domestication - 9-7 kya
villages with 100s of people
millet, pigs, chickens, cattle
still hunt fish, boar, deer
dogs were domesticated, pigs later
farming tools/facilities
cultural life - musical instruments, decorations, spinning/weaving
*occupational differentiation and trade |
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Term
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Definition
Peiligang site 8 kya
ash pits in dwellings, a ritual area
ceramic masks - spiritual? religion? |
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Term
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Definition
S China, Yangzi river, rice
18-13 kya
ceramics and semi-domesticated grains |
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Term
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Definition
S China, 10 kya
cultivating rice |
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Term
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Definition
S China, 7 kya
houses on stilts, rice paddies
tools for farming, hunting, fishing
pottery for cooking
mortar/pestle
pig images on pottery - spiritual/ritual?
pigs domesticated 10 kya (6 ky earlier than N China) |
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Term
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Definition
was rice in Korea status symbol or community food?
bronze age sites indicate latter
later became a luxury commodity |
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Term
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Definition
was ag the worst mistake?
more free time as H/G and more varied diet |
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Term
| Social implications of domestication |
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Definition
large scale changing of landscape
population growth
surplus allows for trade, specialization, social inequality
beginnings of later civilization |
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