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In Mexico City, men can get drunk more than
women because it’s shameful for women to get drunk. Women can drink a
small amount in public, but they will usually stick to beer and don’t go
for the more potent stuff. Also, when a deceased male is honored, one can
put his favorite alcohol in front of his alter. Honoring a deceased female
in such fashion is unacceptable. There is also a lot of pressure on males
in their 30s-50s to drink, and Mexicans take drinking as a form of social
bonding. The term is important because it shows that alcohol is very
important to Mexicans, and is something that distinguishes how males and
females should behave in public. In addition, drinking is seen as a form
of social bonding between two men; this definition of drinking is
compatible to a certain extent in many other cultures as well (including
the American society). |
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| separation, transition-> in between state, reincorporation |
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| separated from normal state, getting proposed to |
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| a state of transition, a threshold. Many times, rituals mark liminal states, passing from one state to another. An example of this is a marriage ceremony. Before the ritual two people are separated and single, but after the ritual they are bonded and a new relationship between their families is formed, a new order is established. The ceremony itself, the uniting of the couple, is the ritual marking the liminal stage between orders. This is important because many cultures have liminal periods in individual’s lives or in the society that are marked with rituals, and one way to tell if something is a ritual is to see if it marks a liminal stage. |
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| being able to speak with someone without boundaries |
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| Taking a certain central identity, a root of a culture, using it strategically to take up the myan identity and deploy it for the aims of getting something out of it. |
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| 2000BC-1697BC ancient people who lived in mexico and central America |
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(part of strategic essentialism) a political movement seeking retribution for the maya people, language revitalization-> reviving a certain language; Spiritual renewal. Highly sophisticated mathematical and archeological knowledge.
Not necessarily a unified group of people, had a similar language and writing style.
John stevens (book): instance of travel
Many people lack knowledge of the myans, now tourist attractions |
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| the maya culture language. Has suffered a lot of degration. |
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| state sponsored essentialism (aiming to conserve cultural, ecological aspects) set up pseudo embassies, cultural, language revitalization, this is good for tourism revenue, power over us locals in LA and SF. |
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| culture is symbolic, symbolism is both ideal and material, ethnography to study a small group |
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| Rule through the assumption that people will act in their own self interest. an alternative to the repressive hypothesis. |
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| Controlling people by taking away their rights. |
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| French riots because two French youths became electrocuted (already rioting) must have repressive hypothesis in order to keep control. |
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Margaret Mead’s (book) sex and temperament in 3 primitive societies.
o Arapesh – everything calm and nurtured, men and women are equally nurtured similar to women in west) little competition
o Mandugumor: Men and women are like men in west (competition), corporal punishment
o Tehambuli: men and women play opposite rules to west. Gender roles are switched. Men like women, women like men. |
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man is to culture as women is to nature.
1. Universal degradation of women - anything women do is valued less economically
2. Female vs. male psychology – women are too emotional which degrades them
3. The female body: closely related to nature – bodies are closely related to nature (menstrual cycle – devalued)
4. Women and the home:Associated with caring for biological needs of family |
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| a category of third gender men. 2 spirits in one body, one male and one female. Native Americans. Highly feminine man, male prostitute. |
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| never get married or have sex, wear men’s clothing, third gender in Albania until wwII, still exist in Albania and Africa, defended family honor, responsible for revenging family, took care of men’s agricultural tasks, rewarded by receiving inheritance. |
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| Power relations fictive kinship in roman catholic church |
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| a Polynesian/Samoan third gender role. Men who dress or behave in a way more typically feminine they do the same work that women do and also sometimes do men’s work, the role of them has been accentuated by essentialism and the performance of fafafine in clubs. They are well accepted in Samoan culture and their gender divergence is considered natural. Important role b/c it shows that gender roles are culturally constructed and can be influenced to become more prominent in the face of growing tourism. |
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in olive trees: men shake branches, women collect olives on their hands and knees (how it has always been done) physiological difference, center of gravity. People lose inhibition in this setting, heavy flirting. Can be referred to as verbal rape (verbal affairs) sexual vacation, public opinion matters, dirty language is used in front of women.
Women in carzola Spain- no freedom of movement except to church, no friends only relatives, not allowed to bury dead bodies.
*working on hands & knees is degrading and men refuse to:
1. Men are stronger
2. Moral
3. Women wore skirts
4. Symbolism – men hold sticks (penis) dropping seeds and women collect them (reference to the womb) |
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| bride abducted to have sex with groom. Bride’s family is upset, sets wedding date. Groom’s family hosts banquet as an apology. An exchange of liquor. Only men stand up for taste. Only men involved with drinking. If women drink, it is moderate amounts in the kitchen. |
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| men can drink (Mexico) but women can’t in US. Both are able to drink wine. Drinking in Mexico is very important amongst working class men in order to develop friendships. |
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| a neighbor based organization mostly men, very few women, very public, very open, women can’t go because it will shame their family, free in Mexico, tone changes when women attend. Speakers speak for 15 min. |
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| neurotics anonymous – women attend, a support group for the wives of the men who attend AA, cuate=drinking buddy. |
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| once you join and stop drinking |
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| the person who brought you =godfather, fusing ritual and religion with gender and drinking. |
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| religious number b/c 12 disciples, teen years begin after 12, 12 months in a year, positive to bring people to A, more godchildren = more prestige, appeals to working class, spiritual rather than religious ( follow teachings), two celebrations – founding date and date individual stopped drinking, feasts, soft drinks. |
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1. Standardized, predictable behavior
2. Framed behavior (beginning and end)
3. Marks a passage of time
a. Life cycle (wedding, funeral)
b. Cyclical or calendar rites (birthday, new years)
4. Sacred, set apart from every day life
a. Pledge of allegiance, sorority even = secular
5. Public performances
a. Clifford Gertz (pray, pay, play – 3 parts to ritual)
6. Reinforces social roles (gender lines)
7. Overturns normal roles
a. Ritual rebellion
8. Symbolic, metaphoric
9. Marks state of transition (crossing threshold of liminality) |
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| a “dynamic contract”, two kinds of vows. A. horizontal – between social equals (siblings, friends) exchanging gifts implied to do that stuff B. vertical – between humans who are socially unequal, between land owner/worker, humans/supernatural beings. |
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1. Diffusionism – transmitting from culture to culture traits of secularism are transferred to more people and new groups
2. Structural – functional
a. Harmony
b. Integrity
c. Grouping
d. Family and religious solidarity
*Disappearance of expensive religious practices b/c they would rather put $ elsewhere.
*Religious ritual supported the strengthening of (abcd) religion structures to support the family.
3. Evolutionary 0 stages of development that humanity has experienced, material and belief system, all processes merging |
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| “By vow” – wax dolls which people buy in order to help cure one’s illness, buy what is hurt (hand, if hand hurts.” |
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Body is decomposed and flesh becomes part of earth, proceed to re-burry the bones, common in South East Asia not only does it commemorate the second burial, itself as a ritual…that the soul can only rest after the second burial.
Death: Robert Hertz – 1907’s essay on collective representation of death
3 Questions of death
1. What happens to the corpse – becomes part of earth.
2. What happens to the living (mourners) – sensitive.
3. What happens to the soul – captured in the bone. |
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| this is where people abstain from eating or drinking particular substances for religious purposes at certain times in a ritualized way. An example of this is lent, where Catholics give up something, previously just meat, that is important to them for six weeks before Easter Sunday. This is significant because ritualize abstention seems to be a universal that occurs in every culture. Alan Dundes said that it was due to children suffering when they were hungry and crying out to parents, a god like figure, who then fed them. |
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