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| The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution regarding as the the beginning of the Muslim Era |
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| a man who adopts the dress and social roles traditionally assigned to women HUA |
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| a small group of women who do not behave in the restricted manner of the women of ____ who have freedom and independence more like woman in our culture HUA |
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| 1 that ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from chief |
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| inaccessibility of resources and lack of social mobility |
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| Internalized/externalized ("sanction") |
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| (I) to incorporate cultural values through learning socialization, identification (E) to direct the personality outward in social relationships |
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| Social norms are behavior patterns by which groups of people act, and which serve as social regulation informal controls. |
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| functional /conflict theory of inequality |
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| oral or written stories about the actions and deeds of supernatural powers and cultural heros. |
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| patterns of speech or movement or definite sequence of events, occur in much the same way in performance after performance. |
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| Imitative/contagious magic |
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| (I) belief that similar actions, produce similar results, mimicking the desired event. (C) attempts to affect a person through something once connected with him. |
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| the performance of rites and spells intended to cause supernatural harm to others, a form of evil magic. |
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| use of psychic power alone to cause harm to others. |
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| a person who is believed to have a special relationship to supernatural powers, which he frequently uses to cure sickness. |
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| religion specialists. Priests differ from shamans in several respects. |
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| the most well-known example of individualistic cults. It is widespread among the Native American peoples but esp important for the great plains tribes. |
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| beliefs and rituals surrounding the interactions between the living and their departed relatives, also called ancestor worship. |
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| the cultural belief that human groups have a special mystical relationship with natural objects such as animals plants and sometimes nonliving things. |
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| to preserve their way of life or to cope with changing conditions, large numbers or people join organized movements |
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| Melanesian revitalization movements in which prophets clain to know secret rituals that will bring wealth (cargo). |
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| the study of folk and primitive music and of their relationship to the peoples and cultures to which they belong |
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| the result of scarifying, a scratch or scratches |
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| the continuous sequence of changes undergone by an organism from one primary form, as a gamete, to the development of the same form again |
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| something new or different introduced |
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| Individual, Shamanistic, Communal, Ecclesiastical |
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| each individual has a personal relationship with one or more supernatural powers, who serve as the persons guardians and protectors. The aid of the powers is solicited when needed for personal goals. |
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| some individuals—shamans—are believed to have relationships with supernatural that ordinary people lack. They use these powers primarily got socially valuable purposed, to help (esp cure) others |
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| The members of a particular group gather periodically to perform rituals that they believe benefit the group as a whole, or some individual in it. There are no full-time religious specialists, as is also true of individualistic and shamanistic cults. |
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| The distinguishing characteristic of ecclesiastical cults is the presence of full-time religious practitioners who form a religious bureaucracy. The actual practice of relation is managed or carried out by formal, specialized official—priests—who perform mainly calendrical rituals. The priesthood is usually materially supported by institutionalized governmental authorities through taxation or redistributive tribute. |
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| Forms of Political Organizations |
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| Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States, International Goverance |
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were probably the earliest human political structure
--smallest bands=simple bands, usually no longer than an extended family, informal
--composite bands: consisted of a larger aggregation of families, in hundreds
EX- found in the desert and grasslands of Austraila, Africa, and the Americans. |
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differ from bands in that they have formally organized institutions that unite the scattered residential communities, give the society greater cohesiveness and make possible a more united response to external threats.
--these institutions are called sodalities, which take various forms.
EX-The Cheyenne of the Great Plains |
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tribes, like cheifdoms were multicommunity political units. Unlike tribes, chiefdoms had a formalized and centralized political system. Was governed by a single chief who usually served as both political and religious head of the polity. Chief has authority over members.
EX- found in the old world, but in new (Oceania—Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia) |
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have a centralized political structure. States are distinguished from chiefdoms by the presence of a bureaucracy.
A state is a three level system:
1. the ruling elite
2. a bureaucracy
3. the populace
EX- the Inca Empire of ancient Peru was a typical state-level organization |
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Now 200 independent countries or nation-states in the world
EX-China and India with more than 1 billion people each to Tuvalu and Nauru with pop only about 10,000. |
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Brahmin: Priests and scholars.
Kshatriyas: Nobles and warriors
Vaishas: Merchants and artisans
Shudras: farmers and craftspeople |
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