Science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics and socal customs and beliefs

Study of physical, cultural, social, and biological development of humans

Biological- study of human adaption and evolution

Cultural- Study of cultural variation amond humans, both economic and political

Linguistic- Study of the evolution of language

Social- Study of living in contemporary social groups

handmade or man altered objects

tools, jewlery, pottery

archeological remains that have not been altered by humans

bones, fosilized poo, seeds

gives insight to diet, way of life, and culture

Large manmade objects that cannot be moved

monuments, shrines, temples, grave sites

How something relates to its surroundings

spatial: is horizontal, how it surrounds to what is around it

temporal: vertical, how it relates to what was there before/after it, stratigraphy

  Based on Stratigraphy, layers of strata or artifacts covered up by succeeding generations.

Make a timeline based on change in shape, decoration, and style of pottery, tools, metal, jewlery

Way of using science to find an exact age of an object

Radiocarbon Dating- measures the amount of isotope Carbon 14, 50 KYA

K/Ar- measure of the amount of potasium argon, can measure up to 200 KYA

Dendrochronology- study of tree rings, gives insight into age and climate

Thermoluminescence dating- measures the accumulated radiation due to sunlight, 200 KYA

1. Pelvis- shorter and wider

2. Muscle positioning- longer and thiner?

3. Foramen Magnum Location- center of skull instead of in the back

4. Valgus Angle- knee alignment changes

5. Toe Alingment and Longitudinal Arch

10-5 MYA

Ancient Walkway- footprints show arches and change heel-toe pressure

Complete Knee- valgus angle change

Lucy

Robust Australopithecines

How do they differ?

They seem to degress, return to more apelike features

They are a deadend

Heavier diet

First Homo; Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania; 2.3-1.4 MYA

Expanded cranial capacity

Olduwan Tools- pressure flaking

3-1.8 MYA

First species to leave africa, went to Asia and Europe

Pronounced brow ridge, larger brain size, sulcus, external nose

systematic hunting, Acheulian tools (pointy), fire

First humans, show up in Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia; 350-20 KYA

more vertical cranial vault

taller and leaner

Europe, Africa, Asia

Defleshing

Schoeningen Spears

150-27 KYA, Europe

Occipital Bun, prominent brow ridges, large nasal passages, large but less sophisticated brain, bigger and thicker bones, hyoid bone- speech?

La Chapelle-aux Saints (The Old Man) and Shandir I gave insight into how they cared for e/o and had healers but also how hard their lives were

Canabalism

Upper Paleolithic

The late Stone Age

40-10 KYA

Tools: Solutreau Tradition- endscraper, burin, awl, altl spear thrower, barbed harpoons

Sewn clothes, Cave Art (Grotte Chauvet), Anthromorphic figures, Venus figures

Big game hunting, bows and arrows

Asiatic origin- Beringia Landbridge from Russia to Alaska

Coastline Migration- Across Beringia and American coastline

Peopleing by sea- either continued coastline migration or across the atlantic

Supports landbridge theory

Oldest remains found in NA, 25 KYA

So far North-West

bones, spears, and a campsite

Sea and marine way of life

Ate fish and stuff

Supports Coastline Migration

Peopling by sea because there is evidence of people living on the east.

pre-clovis

16 KYA

pre-clovis

stone tools found

walk across glacier, peopleing by sea??

Clovis Culture

and

what replaced it?

13.5-13 KYA

Flute shaped points, for big game hunting

Replaced by Folsome culture

smaller for smaller animals

improved speed and aim

1. Reached a point where population movement was limited or b/c neighbors

2. There may be seasonal resources

3. Experiment with domestication

tools used

in domestication the remains will be more common and maybe diverse

there will be more sophisticated tools and systematic system

time consuming

hard on body and mind

rough on land

small, less than 100

mobile

kinship and equalitarian

shamisim- mediator between worlds

No formal leaders

around 1000 members

semi-seditary/hordicuturists/gardners

kinship and predominatly equalitarian

Big man- organizer and labor leader, achieved (earned) status, he's a persuader

5-10K

ranked society (heirarchy)

ascribed (past down) power

kinship based

agricultural

central gov?

20K+

Ascribed rulers

army=laws

no kinships

Buraucracy

earliest evidence of Neolithic region (start of agriculture, 28,000 BC)

found seeds of over 100 diff species

grinding stones and flint tools

brush huts, sickle blade, mortor pestle

Oasis hypothesis (Gordon Childe)- humans and animals came together by water and began to eat plants

Nuclear Zone Hypothesis (Robert Brainwood)- fertal crecent, ppl flocked to fertile land and learned how to manipulate it

Marginal Zone Hypothesis (Lewis Binfold)- increased population cause to much strain on animals so had to turn to land.

lived in levant during the middle stone age, 12.5-9.5 BC

ancestors of first neolithic settlements

practiced agriculture and planted foreign seeds

animal domestication and dog burials

skull removal and decoration, grave goods

PPNA- domestication of plants and animals 9.5-8.5BC

PPNB- used animals to suppliment mixed agrain (agricultural) and hunter/gatherer diet

PPNA-PPNB

Domesticated plants and animals

increased trade

tell es-sultran, earliest settlement

Wall of jericho (sultanian)- first sign on social organization

plastered faces to preserve them

settlement patterns

houses/town close together

images of vulture sacrifice

Bull paintings and shrines

female/venus/fertility sculptures

leaders burials

Showed ownership

showed ideals held in society

Lower Mesopotamia (5900-4200 BC)

Fertile land and water made irrigation possible which made habitation possible which caused the rise of civilization

Eridu (5400 BC)

Temple Enci Syrian (water god)

Abt 5000 ppl cheifdom or state?

had canals and graves for over 200 people

no sign of social ranking

First city, Land of Gilgamesh (4200-3100 BC)

Iranian platuea

Increased population and influx of people exchange of skills

Invented the wheel- primary use for pottery

Gave us the earliest form of writing and first written text

Pictographic writing

Sumer, first civilization and rulers (3000-2000 BC)

Heavy trade with egyptioans

secular religion and religous sanctions over people

Cuniform writing

symbols

Royal Cemetary

when king died everything important to him died, ranking order

Iranian plateau (3000-2000 BC)

Control of persian gulf and india

Militaristic and had trade control over Lapiz Lazuli, Turquoise, Gold and Chlorite

Northern Mesopotamia (2334-2112 BC)

Competing consumer

Saragon of Akkad

viscous and militaristic

takes over most of mesopotamia but crumbles bc he doesn't set up a beuracracy

THEN THERE IS A 300 YEAR DROUGHT

1990-1750 BC, present day Pakistan

King Hamurabi

The great unifier

Babylon colapsed after his death

Code of Hamurabi

recieved walls of god

eye for an eye

Syria, 1000-612 BC

militaristic but still diplomatic

controled trade route

Ninevah- the great city

612-556 BC Babylon

Height of wealth in Mesopotamia

King Nebuchadnezzarc

Hanging gardens

Colapsed because all the money gone

salt leaching

over explotaion