Term
|
Definition
| the holistic and scientific study of humanity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attempt to integrate all that is known about humans. The theory that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An integrated perspective that assumes interrelationships among parts of a subject including both biological and cultural aspects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of contemporary human cultures, the diversity, similarities and processes of change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of past cultures via material
remains. (reconstruct lifeways) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of human biology, especially evolution and diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of human language and communication, especially variation and change in language. |
|
|
Term
| Four fields of anthropology |
|
Definition
| Cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the branch of anthropology that focuses on the application of anthropological methods and approaches to the solution of problems, as distinct from academic anthropology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the patterns of learned and shared beliefs and behavior. The complex whole of human experience which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capability acquired by man as a member of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the descriptive study of one culture, subculture, or microculture based on fieldwork. provides a first-hand, detailed description of a living culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the comparative study of cultures; it presents analytical generalizations about
human culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cultural resource management (CRM) |
|
Definition
| the conservation and management of archaeological sites to protect them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of human language and communication, especially variation and change in language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a field of study in linguistics that analyzes the relationship between a language and culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subfield of linguistics that analyzes the relationship between language and culture with a focus on how people speak in social contexts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of nonhuman primates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an applied biological anthropologist concerned with legal issues. Frequently focuses on the identification of skeletal material and the cause of death. |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of cultural relativism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absolute cultural relativism |
|
Definition
| whatever goes on in a culture must not be questioned by outsiders. |
|
|
Term
| critical cultural relativism |
|
Definition
| poses questions about cultural practices in terms of who is accepting them and why. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you see the world using only your own categories and meanings. The opposite of relativism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complex theoretical perspective that applies a humanistic approach to ethnography with a focus on individuals and their voices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The incorporation of knowledge, ideas, behaviors, and material creations from a different culture as a consequence of prolonged contact with that culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ethnographic study of a situation to document effects of change. May take place during and/or after a program of cultural restructuring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the idea that there is a set sequence of stages that all groups will pass through at some point, although progress through these stages will vary. Groups, both past and present, that are at the same level or stage of development were considered nearly identical. Thus a contemporary "primitive"group could be taken as a representative of an earlier stage of development of more advanced types. Man moves from savage to civilized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with the work of Franz Boas. His theory took the diffusionist concept that there were a few "cradles of civilization" which grew outwards in circles, and merged it with the idea that societies would adapt to their circumstances, which is called historical particularism. The school of historicism grew up in response to unilinear theories that social development reflected adaptive fitness, and therefore existed on a spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one who believes that he or she has a moral obligation to take the side of indigenous populations whenever such people’s rights to self-determination are violated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies of the adaptations made by rural peoples as they move to cities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence and authority of one nation over another, often associated with exploitation of natural human resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation in which a dominant culture claims supremacy over minority cultures and makes changes in both its culture and the minority culture(s) that serve its own interests at the expense of the minority culture. (ex. missions, colonialism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence and dominance of one nation over another for the purpose of exploiting raw resources. The dominant nation-state establishes a physical presence and a colonial government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ideological domination by one cultural group over another through institutions, bureaucracy, education, and sometimes force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in anthropology, the rapid spread of economic, social, and cultural systems across continents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Familial culture, micro/sub culture, cultural universals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the culture you share with your family,
your learning context, people who share your language (primary shared symbolic system). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity (increasing similarities in the specific details due to globalization) |
|
|
Term
| Potts’ human traits that give us the capacity for culture |
|
Definition
1. Transmission
2. Memory
3. Reiteration
4. Innovation
5. Selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tactic used by many anti-consumerist social movements to disrupt or subvert media culture and its mainstream cultural institutions, including corporate advertising. It purports to "expose the methods of domination" of mass society to foster progressive change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of learning one’s culture while growing up in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cultural group that shares most ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and artifacts. Typical of small cultural groups such as foragers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something new that is created based on items or ideas that already exist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The voluntary borrowing and exchange of items or ideas between cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people believe they should do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people can be observed to do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller group within a large cultural complex. Behaviors, values, attitudes, and artifacts are shared by group members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smallest subgroup within a culture that shares specific cultural features such as values or behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of subculture characterized by members sharing a culture of origin, often one originating in another country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biologically: a group within a species that shares a cluster of genetically determined traits. No such trait clusters occur among Homo sapiens.
Culturally: A social construct based on physical differences interpreted through a cultural lens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prohibited behaviors and beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encouraged behaviors and beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pliability or malleability of a biological feature. An individual’s genetic growth potential is malleable depending on nutrition, maternal health, and exposure to sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constant awareness, assessment and reassessment by the researcher of the researcher's own contribution to and influence on the research subjects and on research findings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A label for the resultant feelings of homesickness, disorientation, helplessness, and frustration that occur after exposure to an unfamiliar culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A harmonious relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of multiple methodologies and/or individual perspectives to investigate a single topic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The insider’s view of a culture. Descriptive reports about what insiders say and understand about their culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outsider’s view of a culture. Data gathering by outsiders that yields answer to particular questions posed by outsiders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of an anthropologist doing ethnographic fieldwork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Native members of a society who give information about their culture to an ethnographer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ethnographic interview subject who has been selected by judgement sample; a knowledgable native who plays a major role in teaching the ethnographer about the informant’s culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ethnographic research method in which planned scripted questions are asked of informants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ethnographic research method using open-ended questions that allow informants to talk about what they deem important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ethnographic method of recording information about kinship relationships using symbols and diagrams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ethnographic method of gathering data based on extensive interviews with individuals about their memories of their culture from childhood through adulthood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Culture is structured to meet needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theoretical school, established by Franz boas, who hypothesized that each culture had its own particular history that could be documented through repeated enthnographies. Comparisons of many such histories could uncover underlying principles of culture change. Saw each society as understood only with reference to its particular history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concept that each human individual within a culture has the ability to determine and choose by free will his/her actions, beliefs, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical matter determines human nature (biological characteristics, wealth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human agency operates within cultural and material constraints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The perspective that any aspect of a culture must be viewed and evaluated within the context of that culture. This is why a lot of anthropologists spend years living within a culture so they can have a first-hand or emic perspective of culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to influence or cause people or groups to do certain things that they would not do otherwise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The system of communication, the sounds and symbols used to share meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smallest unit of sound in speech that will indicate a difference in meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Phonetic Alphabet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smallest combination of sounds in human speech that carry a meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information, in words, pictures, or other media, is the ability to express more than one interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the meaning of words, signs, symbols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of language in the context of its use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of language as an aspect or part of culture, especially the study of the influence of language on culture and of culture on language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using ethnography to explain how speech both reflects and influences social relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you study language in the context of its use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language that a person speaks, and how that person thinks about, and acts in, the world. (eskimo example) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of repeating items in a self-similar way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Language that is spoken in only living areas like tribes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stable, full-fledged language that originated from a pidgin |
|
|
