Term
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Definition
-Body size
-Limb proportion
-Specialized muscle and skeletal features |
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Term
| Four broad locomotor categories (QLSB) |
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Definition
1. Quadrupedalism
-arboreal and terrestrial
2. Leaping
3. Suspensory
4. Bipedalism |
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Term
| What makes this diversity possible |
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Definition
| -retention of generalized anatomy (vs. specialized anatomy of horses, bats, dolphins). |
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Term
| What drives these different forms of locomotion? |
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Definition
-Ecological factors (habitat, diet)
-Morphological (body size) |
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Term
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Definition
Type
-Arboreal vs. terrestrial
-Continuous vs. discontinuous
-Vertical vs. horizontal
Range size
-Day range size |
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Term
|
Definition
-for arboreals, maintaining balance (too large, small)
-larger animals tend to be hangers (suspensory)
-even larger animals tend to be terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
-Diet influences RANGE SIZE (folivores, frugivores, insectivores)
-BODY SIZE (quality and quantity; folivores are larger) |
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Term
| Natural selection at work |
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Definition
-selection favours morphological and behavioural traits that maximize reproductive success.
-Given the influence of factors such as a species' habitat, diet, and body size. |
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Term
| Selection and performance |
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Definition
-minimizing energy expenditure (EFFICIENCY)
-Minimizing the risk of injury/risk (SAFETY)
-selection favours the variables that improve fitness. |
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Term
| 1. Minimizing energy expenditure |
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Definition
-energy budget
-females can save energy to devote it to other things.
-energy budget are limited by time. |
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Term
| 1. Minimizing energy expenditure |
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Definition
-energy budget
-females can save energy to devote it to other things.
-energy budget are limited by time.
-locomotion = moving center of gravity.
-muscles consume energy to produce FORCE, hence MOTION.
saving energy = reducing amount of force required |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscoskeletal adaptations
1. Increase limb length - increase stride length
2. Tendons as springs - elastic energy storage
3. Reduce distal limb mass - reduce mass moment of inertia (I) (I = m * r^2)
4. Improve mechanical advantage - increase a muscle's moment arm for more torque |
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Term
| Minimizing injury/death (safety) |
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Definition
-Forests are complex 3D environments
-Branches vary in diameter and in their capacity to support body weight (recipe for disaster) |
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Term
|
Definition
A. Arboreal quadrupedalism
-Most common locomotor mode
-most NWM, many OWM, pottos, lorises
-smaller body sizes
-continous forest habitat
-concern for safety
B. Terrestrial quadrupedalism
-larger bodies (lower required safety)
-open woodlands, savanna, gallery forests.
-major challenge = energy economy
-stride length adjustment
C. Knuckle walking
--African apes and Orangutang
-Largest primates
-unique to large bodied, suspensory = long arms, powerful finger flexors "set" the digits in a permanent hooked position. |
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Term
|
Definition
-strepsirhines, tarsiers, some NWM and OWM
-small to medium
-discontinous habitat (understory, woodland)
A. VCL
-energy economy
-muscle and bone adaptations to increase takeoff speed.
B. Running/falling leap
-NWM and OWM
-Risky, but energy efficient (EP to EK) |
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Term
| 3. Suspensory Behaviour (incl. brachiation) |
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Definition
-Atelines, sub-fossil lemurs, gibbons, african apes, orangutans
-LARGER primates
-arboreal
BRACHIATION
-gibbons
-ricochetal movement
-adaptations in shoulder, wrist, fingers.
-stride "length" (longer forelimbs) |
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Term
|
Definition
-All primates capable (FACULTATIVE), Great apes.
-Humans are only committed bipeds
-continuous, level substrates.
-long, extended hindlimbs
-large hindlimb joints
-curved spine, arched feet, springy tendons. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Limb proportions and locomotion
-Intermembral index = (Forelimb length/hindlimb length)*100
-Larger = more terrestrial (efficiency)
-Smaller = more arboreal (safety) |
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