Term
| Chromosomes contain 2 complex molecules: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ deduced the structure of DNA using ____'s X-ray. |
|
Definition
James Watson & James Crick (W&C), using Rosalin Franklin's X-ray.
Franklin died in 1958, did not receive a Nobel Prize. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 cell = 3 * 10^9 BP.
4 Repeating base pairs (CATG)
1 mistake per billion BP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Some DNA codes for proteins.
2) Some DNA codes for regulatory
sequences.
3) Some DNA codes for functional RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyze; facilitate chemical reactions in cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are not involved in reactions, but instead play an integral role in the composition and function of cells. |
|
|
Term
| DNA groups in base pairs of 3 called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chains of Amino Acids.
Codons specify these amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| Redundant or degenerate code (Synonymous Substitutions) |
|
Definition
| 3rd BP of a codon does not matter, it is there merely for protection against DNA damage. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Crick's "Central Dogma" |
|
Definition
| Slide 23 of Molecular Genetics (5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms with DNA in cells' chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Genes contain coding sequences (____) interrupted by one of more non-coding sequences (____) |
|
Definition
| EXONS are coding sequences and INTRONS are non-coding sequences. |
|
|
Term
| _____ are removed from mRNA and the _____ are spliced back together. |
|
Definition
Introns
Exons
This is an important source of protein diversity, hence VARIATION. |
|
|
Term
| Introns _____ the rate of recombination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Variation arises from ____ _____ of the same genes among individuals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gene regulation allows for cell _______ from single-cell zygote. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex structures of proteins and RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of changes in GENE FREQUENCIES in populations under NATURAL SELECTION. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The synthesis of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory.
Evolution contains both continuous and discontinuous variation. |
|
|
Term
| A population geneticists' view of evolution: |
|
Definition
| A change in the gene frequencies of a population under selection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Sexual Reproduction
2. Natural Selection
3. Mutation
4. Genetic Drift |
|
|
Term
| Allele or gene frequency calculation |
|
Definition
| ((# of a per aa)(# of aa parents) + (# of a per Aa)(#of Aa parents))/ (# of gametes per parent)(total # of parents) |
|
|
Term
| Genotype vs. Allele frequencies |
|
Definition
Allele frequencies don't change over generations (except during natural selection), but genotype frequencies change during the first generation, but stop afterward.
Genotype includes homozygous and heterozygous (aa, AA, Aa), whereas allelic includes the A and a frequencies. |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
|
Definition
| After ONE generation of sexual reproduction, genotypic and allelic frequencies reach equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequency calculations. |
|
Definition
| q^2 (for aa), p^2 (for AA), and 2pq (for Aa). |
|
|
Term
| Sexual reproduction can change; how does it affect evolution: |
|
Definition
Changes genotypic frequencies (though it they reach HW equilibrium after one generation), but not allelic frequencies.
Sexual reproduction alone CANNOT cause evolution in the long run. |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection effects gene frequencies: |
|
Definition
FILTERS available phenotypes, which can reduce the frequency of an allele (ex. a) if said allele is detrimental to survival.
Therefore, Natural selection REDUCES variation. |
|
|
Term
| Why do organisms vary continuously? |
|
Definition
| They are affected by many loci, each having only a small effect on the phenotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Creates more continuous variation by changing phenotypes depending on environment.
ex. Good environments (food) vs. Bad environments (no food) for beak depth. |
|
|
Term
| How does mutation effect variation: |
|
Definition
Mutation is just random mistakes in DNA replication, so it SLOWLY ADDS variation.
Most mutations are slightly disadvantageous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limits adaptive potential of the phenotype.
Limits on direction, nature and rate of evol. change that is possible.
Can prevent evolution of optimal traits, or even lead to maladaptive traits.
Basically, limit amount of variation possible and not always optimal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In small populations, sampling variation can happen (statistical skew).
Small changes to allele frequencies can lead to much larger changes. Can cause unpredictable evolution in small populations.
(ex. F0 5a 10A, F1 10a 5A, F2 15a 0A) |
|
|
Term
| Isolated populations can become _____ from each other. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When all organisms in a pop. have the same alleles on a locus.
Can result in prevalence or fixation of maladaptive traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When very few organisms with similar traits survive a catastrophic event and repopulate, keeping only a small amount of the total genetic variation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adaptive potential depends on the history of the population due to Genetic drift, Local and global optimal adaptations, and DISEQUILIBRIUM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When populations are still undergoing selection and equilibrium has not yet been reached.
More of a certain trait than there should be. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selection is myopic (shortsighted), so it does not always know which direction is best; it only follows the genetic direction of the most fit individuals.
Therefore, local optimums may be different from global optimums |
|
|
Term
| When optimum is reached further change is ____. |
|
Definition
| Selected against. Further change not desired since the equilibrium is at its optimum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genes that affect SEVERAL aspects of the phenotype.
ie. Certain traits are correlated to others in some way. (short and wide beaks vs. long and narrow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result of genetic duplication in the population's past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adaptive potential is limited by the laws of physics and chemistry.
Requires organisms to be able to function properly in their environments (gravity, surface area vs. volume, fluid dynamics). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolution within populations, within species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evolution of species, genera, families and other higher order levels of classification.
Relevant to the fossil record. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species are a basic unit of analysis for macroevolution. Individuals in a sepcies are similar to each other and different from other species. |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept (BSC)'s definition of of SPECIES. |
|
Definition
| A group of actually or potentially INTERBREEDING organisms that is REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other such groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-REQUIRES A BARRIER TO GENE FLOW between groups.
-Cannot mate successfully outside group.
-No hybridization (genetic exchange between different populations). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gene flow is the movement of genetic material within or between populations.
REQUIRES MIGRATION TO BE POSSIBLE. |
|
|
Term
| Ecological Species Concept's definition of Species: |
|
Definition
| Lineage that occupies adaptive zone (ecological niche) different from that of any other related lineage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Barrier to gene flow is not necessary (or sufficient).
-Natural selection plays a role in maintaining differences between species.
-Adaptive Peaks (beak sizes remain because of environment even though gene flow is occurring). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process by which new species arise.
Three main speciation concepts are:
-Alopatric
-Parapatric
-Sympatric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most widely accepted.
GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATION, non-overlapping ranges.
When species come together again reproductive isolation must occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Competition for resources will promote grater morphological differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parents adapted to a different environment than offspring, therefore, offspring may have a MOSAIC OF TRAITS that makes them LESS FIT for either environment.
-Mechanisms evolve to reduce interbreeding because hybrids are less viable. |
|
|
Term
| Reinforcement vs Character Displacement |
|
Definition
They both INCREASE reproductive isolation.
- NOT mutually exclusive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-More involving natural selection (like ESC).
-No real barrier (though limited overlap of ranges), but groups experience different environments throughout the range.
-At boundaries, hybrids are selected against.
-Reproduction isolation not complete, but natural selection keeps populations separate and different.
-Involves lots of REINFORCEMENT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Overlapping Ranges.
-Differences develop WITHOUT geographic separation.
-Basically a stronger version of parapatric.
-Hasn't been discovered in nature yet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when a species colonizes a new habitat with many open niches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How a species exploits its environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tiny changes accumulate over time via microevolution.
-Gradual transformation from one species to another.
-Rates of evolution are CONSTANT. |
|
|
Term
| Punctuated Equilibrium (PE) |
|
Definition
-Gould & ELdredge
-Short periods of rapid change after long periods of little or co change (stasis).
-Rates VARY.
-Allopatric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creating family trees to determine evolutionary relationships between species, genera, families, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using Phylogenies to name and classify organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Allows us to see where, why and when traits evolved in different species.
-Deduce function of traits by comparisons to other species. |
|
|
Term
| Primitive or "Plesiomorphic" Traits |
|
Definition
| Ancestral traits in last common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| Derived or "Apomorphic" traits |
|
Definition
| Newly evolved traits, change since last common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| How do we construct trees? |
|
Definition
| Modern methods rely on SHARED DERIVED characteristics to determine relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of a group share a common evolutionary history, and are "closely related", recognized by SHARING UNIQUE FEATURES not present in distant ancestors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Homologous = Similar traits due to common ancestor.
Analogous = Similar traits due to similar FUNCTION. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION.
When looking for relationships we're looking for HOMOLOGOUS traits, not ANALOGOUS; ANALOGOUS traits do not help establish relationships because organisms may not be related. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shared derived traits (SYNAPOMORPHIC): Tells us who closest relatives are.
Primitive traits(SYMPLESIOMORPHIC): Does not help us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species that is not closely related to the group you are looking at; if the trait you are looking up is in the outgroup, it is likely to be primitive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple solution is most likely correct. Least number of evolutionary steps required. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes (mistakes) occur by chance, but over time, accumulate in a clock-like manner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heating and cooling of different strands of DNA in order to find mistakes in rebound DNA after cooling. The fewer mistakes, the more closely linked. |
|
|
Term
| Cladistics vs. Evolutionary Systematics dispute |
|
Definition
Cladistics argues DESCENT is the only important factor in naming/classifying.
ES argues DESCENT AND OVERALL SIMILARITY are important. |
|
|
