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viewing other cultures, understanding where they come from |
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information transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| everyone evolved from one path and culture shaped us from there |
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viewing other cultures, understanding where they come from |
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| comparing other cultures and saying things are right or wrong |
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disorientation for being in new culture zone |
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| judging other cultures based on your own beliefs |
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| descriptions from fieldwork |
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book, notes analyzed and put together |
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| understanding from the inside (looking at your own culture) |
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| understanding from the outside (looking at a different culture) |
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| intended to provide detailed knowledge (in this case, about a particular group of people) |
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intended to derive general propositions or statements (in this case about social behavior) |
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| major figures of unilineal evolutionism |
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| § Lewis Henry Morgan§ Edward Tylor§ Karl Marx |
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| cultural features are borrowed from “culture centers” as groups interact |
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came up with theory of historical particularaism (each culture developed differently due to different environment), debunked contemporary ideas of race using cranial anthropometry |
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sex differences in personality vary by culture, so culture and not biology must determine these differences |
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| § explanation for some aspects of cultural variation can be found in the relationship between a given cultural group and the environment in which they live |
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| Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner |
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| interpretive anthropology: goal of anthropology is to understand what it means to be a person living in a particular culture, rather than to explain why cultures vary – anthropology is about understanding meaning |
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| what do anthropologists actually do? iterative or recursive process |
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| ask a question à study/prepare/write à fieldwork à analyze/write à refine question and start the cycle again |
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| came up with early concept of participant observation |
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| § poor observation§ failing to get out and actually do the work§ failing to see things that don’t fit one’s theories§ relying too heavily on a few key informants§ observing a fraction (men only; women only; powerful only; powerless only) of people at the field site without recognizing that one is doing so |
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| § hypothetical (“the trolley problem”) § experimental§ observational / experiential |
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anything to which some group of people has assigned an arbitrary meaning |
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| smallest unit of sound recognized by and significant for speakers of a specific language |
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| came up with structuralism |
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| told or performed as fictional; reinforce cultural values (example: Tiv story of husband, wife, and vulva) |
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§ told as truth; often involve historical figures; reinforce appropriate and inappropriate behaviors (example: the Mexican pet rat legend) |
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§ stories of cosmology; relation between gods / humans / nature; origins of the world (example: Dayak origin story) § in some ways untrue -- in most cultures, not thought to describe events literally also key to the ultimate truths or moral foundations of society |
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§ marks movement from one stage of life to the next (examples: baptism, bar/bat mitzvah, wedding, childbirth rituals in 19th-c. Japan); occurs in 3 stages · separation: person is symbolically separated from previous life experience, and often physically separated as well · transition – in “liminal space” or no-mans-land: person is not what they once were, but also not yet what they will become – this is a symbolically dangerous phase in which people often face hazing, humiliation, deprivation · reintegration: person symbolically and physically rejoins community and is allowed to assume function of new social role |
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| norms, values, roles and prohibitions associated with persons of each sex in a given culture or society |
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| · Coming of Age in Samoa: adolescence can be tranquil in a setting of premarital sexual freedom· Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies: variations in gender roles are determined by culture (see also our previous discussions) |
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| an attribute that is deeply discrediting within a particular social interaction |
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