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Anthro 102 final
terms in archaeology
58
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
05/05/2009

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Term
subfields of anthro
Definition
linguistic, socio-cultural, biological, archaeology,
Term
archaeology
Definition
The study of past cultures based upon their material remains, such as architecture, housewares, tools, and art forms.
Term
culture
Definition
The learned beliefs, knowledge, practices, and behavior with which people live as a group.
Term
"a culture"
Definition
same thing as "a society"
Term
Holism
Definition
To understand a particular culture, you must understand how all of its components (such as religion, economy, politics, and kinship) function in interaction with one another.
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
Any particular behavior within a culture should be analyzed and understood by placing it in the context of a holistic view of that culture, its history and multiple components.
Term
Nonjudgmental implication
Definition
Some argue that this means there are no universal standards by which a cultural practice can be judged as appropriate or not.
Term
Context and judgment
Definition
Others argue that even after understanding a particular cultural practice by placing it within the context of a holistic view of the culture that produces that behavior, we can still make basic humanistic judgments of whether that practice is appropriate.
Term
Cultural Resource Management,"
Definition
required by federal and state laws, drives a majority of archaeology projects today.
Term
5,009 B.P corresponds to what date in the B.C.E. system.
Definition
3,000 B.C.E.
Term
Modern form of archaeology could not exist until it was widely held that:
Definition
the human past is knowablethis past is of considerable time depthvalid and reliable means of measuring past time can be developed.
Term
James Hutton
Definition
1785 A.D., argued that geological strata can be studied systematically, with layering showing great time depth.
Term
Charles Lyell
Definition
1833 A.D., argued that different strata and types of bedrock formed over very long periods --millions of years --through uniform, slow processes; proposed "uniformitarianism" versus sudden "creation"
Term
Jacques Boucher de Perthes
Definition
1841 A.D., excavating in deep stone quarries in France, finds stone hand axes with remains of extinct animals in deep strata, and argues for great antiquity of humankind.
Term
Inductive method
Definition
empirical science, "objective" observations of things and events, generalization statements (observe and make general comments)
Term
Deductive method
Definition
proposition or hypothesis, method to test hypothesis, data set to examine to test hypothesis (need to form hypothesis and try to prove it)
Term
Seriation
Definition
Compare differential popularities in style trends for particular artifact types from site to site,
Term
"Chronometric"
Definition
dating techniques are also often called "absolute" dating techniques.
Term
Dendrochronology
Definition
tree ring counting
Term
Lewis Binford and Stanley South
Definition
proponents of the adaptive view of culture
Term
ideational view of cultures
Definition
cultures are shaped by internal dynamics (ex: individuals (self aggrandizers)) environment only places constraints on what is possible and sustainable
Term
adaptive view of cultures
Definition
"culture" is humankind's "extrasomatic means of adaptation" to the surrounding environment
Term
Oldowan tools
Definition
Homo-habilis, 2.6-1.5 mya, hammer, core, flakes (flakes=tool)
Term
Acheulean tools
Definition
homo erectus and hiedelbergensis 1.6mya-300 thousand years ago,characterized by large tools 4 main types.
handaxw: large bifacially flaked tool, resembles a tear drop.
Cleaver: edge is perpendicular to the handle
Pick: just like a handaxe but it doesn't have the edge, just a point. smaller than handaxe
knife: small and thin
Term
Middle stone age tools
Definition
homosapiens and neanderthals, 300-40 kya, defined by Levallois tools (predetermined shape) and composite tools (made of different materials)
Term
late stone age tools
Definition
homo sapien (40-10 kya) characterized by microliths (disposable blades and burins (the mounting for the blade). Also, bone tools became used during this period and atlatl's were used in hunting. Artwork as well
Term
Childe
Definition
"Oasis hypothesis" low amounts of resources leads populations to congregate in oases with plentiful resources
Term
Binford
Definition
""Packing Hypothesis": low resources lead populations to broaden their staple diet
Term
Cauvin
Definition
Term
factors impacting modes of exchange and reciprocity
Definition
increasing social stratification, increasing specialization of labor, standardized medium of exchange (money)
Term
key features to state-level societies
Definition
urban populations
monumental architecture
art forms
writing system
astronomy, geometry, accounting, arithmetic
long-distance trade
redistribution of surplus
full-time labor specialization
distribution of the surplus
Term
egalitarian
Definition
band
Term
headperson
Definition
tribe
Term
chief/paramount chief
Definition
chiefdom/confederacy
Term
king/monarch
Definition
kingdom
Term
president
Definition
nation state
Term
emperor
Definition
empire
Term
Eridu
Definition
1st Mesopotamian civilization 5,000 BC-4,100 BC Ubaid period, formation of tells because of temples built upon oneanother
Term
Uruk
Definition
2nd Mes civilization 4100BC-3100BC Construction of Anu Ziggurat, larger than Eridu=more power. also invented cunneiform
Term
Ur
Definition
immediately after Uruk decline, Queen Shub-Ad's tomb buried with poison drinking servants
Term
Harappan culture in the Indus Valley
Definition
indoor plumbing, NO monumental architecture
Term
Poverty Point
Definition
3,500 BP, sedentism WITH HUNTER-GATHERING
Term
Koster
Definition
8,000 BP sedentism and domestication (plants and dogs)
Term
Abu Huyrera
Definition
shows shift btwn hunter-gatherers and agriculture
Term
Cahokia
Definition
Monks mound=largest monumental structure in pre-european N. America
Term
shang dynasty
Definition
1766-1122 BC 1st China dynasty, famous for bronze working, SCAPULIMANCY buried with luxury goods
Term
Zhou dynasty
Definition
246 BC developed iron working by 600 BC
Term
Shi Huagdi
Definition
china's 1st emperor, built great wall, terracotta army
Term
Narmer
Definition
Unified Egypt (changed the hat), unification caused implication of writing system, niched facade buildings of Heitocopolys,
Term
Khufu
Definition
Build 1st pyramid of Giza
Term
Kafre
Definition
Built subsequent pyramid and sphyinx
Term
Ramses II
Definition
built temples of Abu Simbel dedicated to Hathor and Horus gods
Term
Maya
Definition
Copan: Rosalila temple...Tikal: stepped pyramids on top of eachother
Term
Teotihuacan
Definition
Pyramid of the Sun (largest in Amer.), Moon, feathered serpent. Built in Mexico city
Term
Aztec
Definition
Tenochitlan=Mexico city, sacrifice and cannibalism, creation of city myth (prickly pear)
Term
Nazca
Definition
200AD-700AD, Cahuachi built in desert, underground water storage and aqueducts. Polychrome pottery. Geoglyphs! processions
Term
Moche
Definition
"Greeks of the Andes" no writing system but incredible metal workers. ONLY GOLD SILVER AND COPPER. Complex social order Hucca pyramids
Term
Inka
Definition
Mid 1400s huge empire, no writing, wheel, or draft animals, monumental architecture, no morter, incredible massons
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