Term
| Balanced Reciprocity (p. 280) |
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Definition
Is explicit and short term in its expectations of return
Involves either an immediate exchange of goods or services, or an agreed-upon exchange over a limited period of tim |
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Term
| Commercialization (p. 266) |
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Definition
Worldwide trend for intensive agriculturalists to produce more and more for a market
Increasing dependence on buying and selling |
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Term
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Definition
System of required labor
Used sometimes instead of money, labor for debt or taxes |
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Term
| Extensive or Shifting Cultivation (p. 262) |
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Definition
Most common type of horticulture
Land is worked for short periods then left to idle for some years
Wild plants and brush grow on field when not used; cleared with slash-and-burn techniques
Nutrients returned to the soil
Other type of horticulture involves a dependence on long-growing tree crops |
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Term
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Definition
Food-getting strategy
Obtaining wild plants and animal resources through gathering, hunting, scavenging, or fishing |
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Term
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Definition
Cultivate and domesticate plants and animals
Acquire control over natural processes
Animal breeding
Plant seeding |
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Term
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Definition
Food collectors in the world today
Not very numerous
In habitats difficult to exploit with modern agricultural technologies
A.K.A. Hunters-Gathers |
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Term
| Generalized Reciprocity (p. 278) |
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Definition
Goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a return gift
Sustains families in all societies |
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Term
| General-Purpose Money (p. 281) |
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Definition
Used in our own and other complex societies
Nearly all goods, resources, and services are exchanged with |
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Term
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Definition
Growing of crops of all kinds with relatively simple tools and methods, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Use hand tools
Methods do not include fertilization or irrigation |
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Term
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Definition
Food collectors in the world today
Not very numerous
In habitats difficult to exploit with modern agricultural technologies
A.K.A. Foragers
Includes fishers |
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Term
| Intensive Agriculture (p. 264) |
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Definition
Uses techniques that enable them to cultivate fields permanently
Essential nutrients are put back into the soil, organic material, or inorganic fertilizers
More complex than horticulturalists
Mechanization rather than hand labor
Supports larger, more populated societies |
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Term
| Market or Commercial Exchange (p. 281) |
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Definition
Exchanges or transactions in which the "prices" are subject to supply and demand, whether or not the transactions actually occur in the market place
Goods, labor, land, rentals, and credit |
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Term
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Definition
Depend mostly for their living on domesticated herds of animals that feed on natural pasture
Most pastoralists don't breed their animals for meat
Drink their milk
Some take blood from the animals
Trade |
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Term
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Definition
Produce food largely for their own consumption
Sell part of their surplus to others
Buy, rent, and sell land
Not like fully commercialized farmers |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of giving and taking without the use of money
Generalized reciprocity - gift giving
Trade |
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Term
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Definition
| The accumulation of goods or labor by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| Slashing the undergrowth (felling trees) and using controlled burning to clear a garden spot |
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Term
| General Features of Food Collectors (p. 261) |
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Definition
Small communities
Sparsely populated territory
Nomadic lifestyle
Didn't recognize individual land rights
Classless
Division of labor based on gender and age |
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Term
Article
Food on the Move (p. 270) |
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Definition
Very few people in North America are involved directly with food production or getting
Ingredients from previous movements of people |
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