Term
| Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequency over time caused by chance differences in reproduction. Alles are not related to survival or reproduction |
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Definition
Genetic drift REDUCES variation IN population
Genetic drift INCREASES variation BETWEEN population |
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Term
| Gene Flow: Movement of alleles from one population to another |
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Definition
Gene flow INCREASES variation WITHIN populations
Gene flow DECREASES varation BETWEEN populations |
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Term
| Natural selection: To be selected a trait must... |
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Definition
| Be inherited. Be variable in population. Affect reporduction |
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Definition
| The idea that shared behavioral norms and socioeconomic differences between groups arise from inherited, inborn distrinctions |
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Definition
Scientific five race system
1. caucasoid
2. Mongoloid
3. Malay
4. Ethiopian
5. American |
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Definition
Gradient of genetic variation caused by gene flow acorss a populations geographic range
ex: As you go up the mountain, the butterflies change colors |
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Definition
Biological evolution to fit environment
-Individuals cannot adapt
Higher amount of RBC's, Increased heart rate, increased respiration |
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Definition
Developmental or physiological change to fit the environment.
Increase in lung capacity, heart size, slow development.
ex: Altitude & sun tan |
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Definition
Cultural or behavior modification to fit the environment.
ex: Move slower, sun tan lotion, carry oxygen |
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Definition
A reproductive advantage accrues to individuals with a combination of two different alleles, or to individuals with rare genotypes
ex: sickle cell. Its betters to have Aa |
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Definition
| Similarities based on common ancestor |
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Definition
| Similarities based on common function |
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Definition
| Separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms |
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Definition
| Characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and not a diagnostic of groups that diverged after the character appeared; also called primitive. |
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Definition
| Characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary changes |
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Definition
| A group that consists of an ancestor and all of its descedents |
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Definition
| A group that consists of an ancestor and only some descendants |
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Definition
| A group that doesnt share recent common ancestry |
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Definition
1. Arboreal
2. Lemurs
3. Lorises
4. Tarsiers |
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Term
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Definition
-Most in (semi)tropical environment
-Specialized limbs and locomotion
-Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition- reduced number of teeth
-Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
-Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on learning
-Longer period of gestation/dependency on offspring
-Diurinal
-Erect posture/hands and feet can grab/opposable toe and thumb/tactile pad |
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Term
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Definition
-Madagascar
-Larger lemurs are diurnal and eat fruit/leaves/buds/bark
-Smaller lemurs are nocturnal and eat insects |
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Definition
-Found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa
-Quadrupedalism
-Insectivorous, plus fruit, leaves, gums and slugs
-Females form groups
-ex: Galago (bush baby)
-Rhunarium: The moist fleshy pad at the end of most mammalian noses. Enhances sense of smell |
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Definition
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Definition
-Larger brain and body size
-Reduced reliance on sense of smell
-Great degree of color vision
-Bony plate at the back of the eye socket
-Longer gestation and maturation periods
-Fused Mandible |
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Term
(Anthropoids)
New World Monkeys |
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Definition
-70 species almost exclusively arboreal
-Found in southern mexico and central/south america
-Oligocene rafting: organisms can ride small broken off land masses to other continents |
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Term
(Anthropoids)
New World Monkeys..examples |
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Definition
| Callitrichids: Pygmy marmoset, golden lion tamarins, black faced lion tamarin, squirrel monkey, red/black howler monkey, black spider monkey, muriqui |
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Term
(Anthropoids)
Old World Monkeys |
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Definition
-Habitats range from tropical to snow covered (Japan/China)
-Mostly quadrupedal/arboreal
-Divided into cercopithecines and colobines |
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Term
(Anthropoids)
Old World Monkeys...examples |
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Definition
Cercopithecines: Baboons, macaques and guenons
(Found in Africa, omnivorous, shorter tails, cheek pouches)
Colobines: African colobus and asian langurs
(Folivrus, saculated stomach, long tails) |
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Definition
| -Larger body size -absence of tail -Shortened trunk -More complex behavior/brain -Increased period of infant development |
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Definition
| Homonoid: Found in southeast Asia, fruit based plus leaves, flowers and insects, monogamous pairs with offspring, guard with woops and songs |
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Definition
| Homonoid: Found in Borneo and Sumatra, almost completely arboreal, brachiation, solitary, frugivorous |
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Term
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Definition
| Homonoid: Largest living primate, confined to forested areas of west/east equatorial Africa, confined to forested regions of central Africa, large sexual dimorphism, terrestrial (knuckle walkers), groups: Alpha male + few femals and offspring |
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Definition
| Homonoid: Equatorial Africa, anatomically similar to gorillas with exception of size, knuckle walking and brachiation, large communities, eat both plant and animal foods |
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Term
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Definition
| Homonoid: Only found in area south of Zaire River, population in the low thousands, eat like chimps, very sexually active (for pleasure), bipedality |
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Term
| Biological Perspective (behavior) |
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Definition
| Relationship between organisms and all aspects of environment |
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| Behavioral Ecology (behavior) |
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Definition
| Focuses on the relationship between behaviors, environment and biological species traits |
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Term
| The Evolution of Behavior (behavior) |
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Definition
| Behavior constitutes phenotype, individuals that benefit from behavior phenotypes will pass on genes at a higher frequency |
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| Social Structure (behavior) |
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Definition
| Composition, size, and sex ration of a group of animals, can be result of natural selection in the specific environment |
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Definition
| Degree of genetic relationship between individuals, mother offspring is strongest example |
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Term
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Definition
-Plesiadapids:
Very general skeleton, found in wyoming, nail on hallux, 56 mya |
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Term
| Late Eocene: Early Anthropoids |
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Definition
-Earliest examples from egypt
-Some retain primitive dental formula |
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Definition
| Humans and closest relatives since chimps |
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Definition
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Definition
Apes and humans
-Quadrupedal
-Monkey sized
-No tail
-Clambering |
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Term
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Definition
A pattern of evolution which rate of evolution in one system is based on the evolution of other systems. Bipedal locomotion.
(Dental formula and brain development) |
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Term
| Australopithecines (Early hominins) |
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Definition
| -Bipedal -Small brained -Large teeth with thick molar enamel |
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Term
| Australopithecus anamensis (Early hominins) |
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Definition
| Chimp like skill, human like post crania, bidepal due to post crania |
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Definition
| Evolutionary change in a single evolving lineage |
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Definition
| Species that are members of a single evolving lineage |
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Term
| Australopithecus Afarensis (Early hominins) |
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Definition
| Found in Tanzania, Ethiopia, most found in woodland and savannah, large molars, more molar shaped pre-molars, smaller canines, great sexual dimorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| ANgle between femur and tibia at knee. Only found in habitual biped |
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Term
| Australopithecus Africanus (Early Hominins) |
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Definition
| (Disappeared from record) Southern specimens are not accurately dated when compared to eastern specimens, taung child is the name of the specimen |
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Term
| Australopithecus Aethiopicus |
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Definition
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Term
| Australopithecus Boisei (Early hominins) |
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Definition
| Larger brain, reduced facial prognathism (flattened face), canine reduction, molar size increase |
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Term
| Australopithecus Robustus (Early hominins) |
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Definition
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Term
| Australopithecus Garhi (Early hominins) |
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Definition
| Associated with first butchered bones, first stone tool users |
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Term
| Australopithecus Sediba (Early hominids) |
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Definition
| Relatively short fingers, smaller cheek teeth, possible homo connection |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller teeth, jaw and face with larger brain than australopithecines, east and south Africa, discovered with jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows for more dexterity (skill in performing tasks with hands) |
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Term
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Definition
| Other example of large brain and toothed, also prob not a direct ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
Most human evolution
2mya-.8mya |
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Term
| Homo Erectus (Early Pleistocene) |
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Definition
Much larger brain, much more resemblance to us, Nariokotome boy > large brained, tall, modern proportions, fairly robust cranium - First species to move out of Africa)
(Elderly care) |
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Term
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Definition
Brain size: increase in home range, increase in life span, changing diet, ability to adapt, brain uses more energy
Achelian Technology: Symetrical bifacial tools including axes and cleavers |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing flakes from both sides to create "point" or spearhead thing... |
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Term
| Middle Pleistocene (Ice age) |
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Definition
| Projecting midface, large sinuses, multiple facial foramina, cold adapted |
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Term
| Homo Heidelbegenesis (Middle Pleistocene) |
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Definition
| Transitional species to human, continuation of erectus, robust skull, large face, compressed occipital, larger brain size |
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Term
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Definition
| Pit of bones with kids, adults and elderlies represented. Robust, Hyoid and middle ear like humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Big brain, no features in African examples that separate Europeans examples |
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Term
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Definition
| Compared to neandertals: higher foreheads, more rounded skull, smaller faces |
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Term
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Definition
| Argues that we have ancestors outside of Africa. Cranial morphology between samples from Australia. Samples from Mt. Carmel show Neandertal skills near much later anatomically modern H Sapiens with Neandertal like features |
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Term
| Multiregional/Gene Flow model |
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Definition
| If a trait helps one reigion gene flow will allow trait to travel to everyone. If a trait is bad, it will be eliminated via gene flow and natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
Generalized skull, Nail on Hallux
Late Eocene; Early Anthropoids. 2-1-3-3= most.
Catarrhines: 2-1-2-3. |
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Term
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Definition
Pliocene: Early Hominins
Australopithecines; anamensis, afarensis, africanus, aethiopics, boisei, boisei, robustus, Garhi, Sediba |
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Term
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Definition
| Hominins: Habilis, Rudolfensis, Erectus |
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Definition
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Definition
| Pea Experiments, "Father of Genetics" |
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Definition
| Bringing together mendelian inheritance with evolutionary theory |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinverg Equalibrium |
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Definition
p^2+2pq+q^2
all conditions constant |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection |
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Definition
| New population established by small sample fro other population, loss in genetic variance occurs |
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Definition
| First attempted to describe human variation scientifically |
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Definition
| Adaption, acclimation, accommodation |
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Term
| Biocultural Feedback Loop |
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Definition
| Ex: Cultures that drink a lot of milk will have adults that have lactase persistence |
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Term
| Principles of classification |
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Definition
| Homologies, analogies, homoplasy |
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Term
| Generalized Skeleton Structure |
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Definition
| Allows for evolutionary plasticity |
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Term
| Dental formula: Old World |
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Definition
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Term
| Dental formula: New World |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sex that uses less energy in reproduction (male for us) usually will compete for mates |
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