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ANTHRO 1003, Mary Brody
Final Exam
90
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
12/04/2012

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Social Stratification
Definition
relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods and services in a society
Term
Functionalism
Definition
specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society
Term
Weaknesses of Functionalism
Definition

-Not all of society's most difficult jobs are well-rewarded.

- Social stratification doesn't always result in recruiting to right people for difficult jobs

-Limits to financial motivation

-inequality has potential to erupt into violence

Term
Conflict Theory
Definition
focuses on inequality as a source of conflict and change
Term
Weaknesses of Conflict Theory
Definition
ignore the social mechanisms that promote solidarity across class, racial, ethnic, and caste lines
Term
power
Definition
the ability to control resources in one's own interest
Term
wealth
Definition
the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources
Term
prestige
Definition
social honor or respect
Term
class
Definition
a category of persons with about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige and who are ranked high and low in relation to each other.
Term
social mobility
Definition
there are possibilities for movement between the classes or social strata called ________.
Term
ascribed status
Definition
the social position into which a person is born (sex, "race", kinship group)
Term
achieved status
Definition
the social position that a person chooses or achieves (spouse, parent, professor, artist)
Term
status
Definition
depends on occupation, education, lifestyle
Term
attitudinal, behavioral, and lifestyle differences: income is the most important determinant of social class
Definition
3 things that social class in the US correlates with
Term
life chances
Definition
the opportunities people have to fulfill their potential in society
Term

chances of survival and longevity

opportunities to obtain an education

opportunities to participate in cultural life

opportunities to live in comfort and security

Definition
4 life chances/opportunities
Term
culturally constructed
Definition

"race" is a ________ category.

not a natural category, but a social and cultural fact.

Term
perceived hereditary differences
Definition
"race" is based on...
Term
income, wealth, and educational opportunities
Definition
there are long-standing inequalities in... (3 things)
Term
discrimination in their own country.
Definition
involuntary minorities suffer...
Term
immigrants, they invest in assimilation and education
Definition
voluntary minorities are...
Term
ethnicity
Definition
a constructed narrative that focuses on cultural rather than "racial" differences.
Term
Immigrants should abandon their cultural distinctiveness and become mainstream US. This ideology existed until mid-20th century.
Definition
What's the ideology of assimilation?
Term
multiculturalism
Definition
After civil rights era of 1960s, idology shifted to _______.
Term
cultural diversity is a postive value that makes an important contribution to contemporary society.
Definition
What's the ideology of multiculturalism?
Term
caste system
Definition
system of stratification based on birth
Term
hereditary, endogamous, ranked in relation to one another, and usually associated with a traditional occupation.
Definition
Castes are... (4 things)
Term
isn't possible.
Definition
Movement from one caste to another...
Term

Brahmins are priests and scholars.

Kshatriyas are the ruling and warrior caste.

Vaisyas are merchants.

Shudras are menial workers and artisans.

Dalits are "untouchables".

 

Definition
What are the 4 caste categories and one lower group?
Term
Religion
Definition
a social process that helps to order society and provide its members with meaning, unity, peace of mind, and the degree of control over events they believe is possible.
Term

A)sacred stories

B)symbols and symbolism

C)beings, powers, states, places, and qualities

D)addressing the supernatural

E)meaning and order in people's lives

Definition

A)Religion is composed of ______ that members believe are important.

B)It makes extensive use of ________. (2 things)

C)Proposes the existence of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ that can not be measured scientifically.

D)Include rituals and specific means of ________.

E)Provides ______ and _____ to people's lives.

Term
Animism
Definition
The belief that all living and non-living objects are imbued with spirit
Term
Cosmology
Definition
A system of beliefs that deal with fundamental questions in the religious and social order.
Term

A) Polytheism

B) Monotheism

Definition

A)belief in many gods

 

B) belief in a single god

 

 

Term
Mana
Definition

spiritual power that resides in people or objects.

can be positive or dangerous.

Term
Taboo
Definition

Spiritual power or energy in people or things that certain people must avoid. 

A religious power or energy that is dangerous.

Term
Totem
Definition
An object, an animal species, or a feature of the natural world that is associated with a particular descent group.
Term
Totemism
Definition
a prominent feature of the religions of the Australian aborigines. 
Term
Ritual
Definition
Act involving the manipulation of religious symbols.
Term
separation
Definition
participants are removed from their community or status
Term
liminal 
Definition
participants have passed out of an old status but not yet entered a new one
Term
reincorporation
Definition
participants return to their community with a new status
Term
anti-structure
Definition
rituals and symbols that put people in temporary state of equality and oneness
Term
Communitas
Definition
a state of spiritual transcendence, during which inequalities are ignored.
Term
rites of intensification
Definition
rituals directed toward the welfare of the group or community rather than the individual
Term
prayer
Definition
communication between people and spirits or gods
Term
sacrifice
Definition
People try to increase their spiritual purity or the efficacy of their prayers by making offerings to gods or spirits. 
Term
magic
Definition
an attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces
Term
imitative magic
Definition
the procedure performed resembles the result desired
Term
contagious magic
Definition
the belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object.
Term
Divination
Definition
a religious ritual performed to find hidden objects or information
Term
shaman
Definition
an individual recognized as having the ability to meditate between the world of humanity and the world of gods or spirits
Term
priest
Definition
one who is formally elected or appointed to a full-time religious office
Term
witchcraft
Definition
the belief in the ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them; the practice of sorcery: may be done unconsciously.
Term
wiccan
Definition
a current religious practice that claims descent from pre-Christian nature worship
Term
sorcery
Definition
the conscious and intentional use of magic with the intent of causing harm or good
Term
Identify what is wrong with the world, present a vision of what a better world to come might look like, describe a method of transition from the existing world to the better world.
Definition
prophets must have a code with three elements... what are they?
Term
nativistic movements
Definition
aim to restore what its followers believe is a golden age of the past
Term
vitalism
Definition
a religious movement that looks toward the creation of a utopian future that doesn't resemble a past golden age
Term
messianic
Definition
this view focuses on the coming of a messiah who will usher in a utopian world
Term
mellenarian
Definition
the belief that a catastrophe will signal the beginning of a new age and the eventual establishment of paradise
Term
Christianize the world, find a wide variety of wonders both real and imagined, amass great wealth
Definition
3 motivators for European expansion
Term
Rise of a banking and merchant class, growing population, new ship design that was better at sailing into wind, diseases carried by Europeans to native populations
Definition
Developments Aiding Expansion (4 things)
Term
pillage
Definition
to strip an area of money, goods, or raw materials through the use of physical violence or the threat of such violence.
Term
monoculture plantations
Definition
specialized in the large-scale production of a single crop for sale to distant consumers
Term
joint stock companies
Definition
firms managed by a centralized board of directors but owned by shareholders
Term
Dutch East India Company
Definition
model example of a joint stock company, based on money raised from the sale of shares, was chartered by the dutch government to hold the monopoly on all dutch trade with societies of the Indian and Pacific oceans, shares were available on reasonable terms and were held by a cross-section of dutch society, led by a board of directors called the Heeran XVII. it was empowered to make treaties with local rulers in the name of the Dutch Republic, occupy lands, levy taxes, raise armies, and declare war.
Term
colonies
Definition
were created when nations established political domination over geographical areas and political units.
Term
to exploit native people and resources, to be a settlement for surplus European population, to occupy key strategic locations
Definition

reasons for colonies

 

Term
Corvee labor
Definition
unpaid work demanded of native populations
Term
civil disobedience, changing political structures, changing economic structures
Definition
reasons for decolonization
Term
gross national income
Definition
the total value of all a nation's production
Term
world bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Definition
an agency of the united nations, officially called the _____, that provides loans to promote international trade and economic development, especially to poor nations.
Term
Modernization Theory
Definition
 a model of development that predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in the social and technological direction of industrialized nations.
Term
repeating the historical experience of the wealthy nations.
Definition
Proponents of modernization theory believed that poor nations could become wealthy by...
Term
it focused on large scale projects and technological change and paid insufficient attention to improving the lives of the very poor and increasing their capacity to contribute effectively to the economy.
Definition
Proponents of the Basic Human Needs approach argued that developments had failed because
Term
neoliberalism
Definition
A series of political and economic policies promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimal government regulation of the economy
Term
neoliberals
Definition
opposed state control of and government subsidies to industries and opposed all but minimal aid to impoverished individuals.
Term
structural adjustment
Definition
in this approach, wealthy nations demanded that poor nations restructure their economies. 
Term
sell off state-owned enterprises; reduce subsidies to local businesses and industries; reduce spending on education, health, and social programs; open their markets to free trade.
Definition
structural adjustment required poor nations to... (4 things)
Term
The Grameen Bank
Definition
A grassroots organization that offers small loans to poor women.
Term
opening of institutions, creating economic opportunities, providing economic resources for the purchase of things such as instruments and costumes
Definition
global tourism
Term
mobilizing protesters of fraudulent elections, challenging authoritarian governments that use censorship, organizing grassroots protests against government actions, fundraising and activism
Definition
4 ways that Electronic Communication Technologies may enhance local democracies... (1iran, 2china, 3indonesia, 4us)
Term
applied anthropology
Definition
anthropological work to solve practical problems at home and around the world
Term
public anthropology
Definition
work in the public sector, often employed by national, state, and city governments
Term
documents, recorded voices, coded letters, slang
Definition
forensic linguistic aspects (4)
Term
medical anthropology
Definition
cultural concepts of wellness and disease, outreach to communities - ethnography, appropriate development of indigenous medicines.
Term
institutional anthropology
Definition
applied ethnography to enhance interactions of institutions
Term
translation and interpretation
Definition
hospitals, government agencies, courts
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