Term
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Definition
Gona, Ethopia, 2.5 million years ago.
Beginning of Paleolithic "Stone Age" |
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Term
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Definition
| Tools cluster of The Oldowan Industry |
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Term
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Definition
Percussion that leads to bulb and crack
Ring Crack: Bulb
When a flake comes off its core, the impact leaves a hertzian cone and therefore there is a negative indent in the core.
-Glass: leaves a big convex triangle structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bubble on outer shell of flake, which has cracked lines/ripples on it. |
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Term
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Definition
| If hand is the core, the point of impact on the core is the striking platform. |
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Term
| Exterior Angle < 90 i.e. S Platform |
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Definition
| Angle you strike to get flake has to be less than 90 degrees to get the controlled flakes that you want. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stone were flake will be produced from |
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Term
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Definition
| Piece that comes off stone. can be used as a tool or for stylistic purposes.. |
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Term
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Definition
Not accidentally chipped
linked to the beginning of composite tools
Has to be twice as long as is wide
Can be created very systematically so everything removed is a blade.
Shrunk in size over time |
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Term
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Definition
Rock on Rock
2.6 mya
Hit at an angle further in to the core |
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Term
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Definition
0.5 mya
-striking with a bone or antler hammer
-Hit at an angle closer to the edge of the stone.
Flatter bulb so less of an indent
NO immediate ring around ring. |
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Term
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Definition
40,000 BP
-Flaking pieces through pressure to make edge precise
-Antler Edge
-Leather Palm & Antler Tine Flaker
-Can leave defined & planned/lined ripples in flakes
-Punshing of flakes from rock |
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Term
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Definition
Smashing your core on a large/hard surface.
-hard Hammer technique |
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Term
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Definition
Smashing the core between two larger rocks
Can't predetermine the flakes that are produced but every single flake can be used effectively.
Example of Hard Hammer Percussion |
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Term
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Definition
| Jagged Edge in Man made stone with dips and defined levels |
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Term
| Indirect percussion or punch technique |
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Definition
20,000 BP
Punch roller tool/hammer down on a core to produces a flake.
Postdate both hard&soft hammer per |
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Term
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Definition
Antler attached to a long device, which at the top you can rest your chest on it.
Chips off blades
This is a flaking Techniques |
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Term
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Definition
Made by people who were right handed
Don't know what it was used for
Could be a tool or could be a stone which flakes were taken off to be used.
Leads us into assessing tool functions |
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Term
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Definition
removing small flakes from edge by hard hammer percusion
leaves bulbs and hertzian cone |
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Term
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Definition
Hypothesis to draw on a conclusion
Dealing with Pre-modern Humans
Few Hunter gatherers use stone tools
formal similarities > functional similarities
Problem: wrong assumption of choppers/ austrailian points |
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Term
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Definition
Spacial & regional pattern of items
-Pattern with other tools, bones, habitats |
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Term
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Definition
Microscopically look at individual tools and look at damage to figure out the use of the tools.
-Microscopic polish and scratches on tool edges
-noticed well with sylica
-Showed biased view of neanderthals
-Can tell if it is a scrapping or cutting tool
way of excavating sites....Sherd Scatter |
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Term
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Definition
Microchippin/seriation/Polish
Seen by naked eye |
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Term
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Definition
Scical scene
Looks at tools under microscope
Can tell you if projectile or scrapewear.
Doens't look as close as microwear. |
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Term
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Definition
Very tedious
-Look at a site and gathering all found tool pieces to eventually reasemble
-Tells tools bioraphy
-Tells how functions of tools changed
-Tells how the tools are being made
-Shows connections b/w huts/villages and how they are occupied.... who lives where |
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Term
| Achieved vs Ascribed Status |
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Definition
Achieved: earned through lifetime
Bands and Tribes - Egalitarian Society
Ascribed Status:
Inherited Status
Chiefdom & states |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 Tier system & 3 level Hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
First fire clay ceramics occured
26,000 BP
czech republic
significant because first fired clay figurines and not pottery.
This sight was mammoth hunters not farmers, case of non domestic people who are creating pottery.
hunter gatherers
living in the cold
evidence of shamanism.
semi- perminant society |
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Term
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Definition
top tier settlement linked with misissippi, st louis, east st louis.
AD 900-1100 |
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Term
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Definition
Boy has to marry his fathers-sisters daughter
or marry his mothers-brothers daughter |
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Term
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Definition
Evidence of mass production
-people not producing for only their household/tools/kilm |
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Term
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Definition
small pop of priest year round
-Local area couldn't have supported corn and trees
-Trees and corn brought from 40 miles away |
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Term
| Ceramic microstyles are homogenius / Post residal styles are matrolocal |
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Definition
| Styles looked the same. Learning community stayed the same, until daughter were leaving or entering village changing pottery style. |
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Term
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Definition
massive feast to distributed wealth
new guinea
status achieved |
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Term
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Definition
Sor: wife dies the husband marries her sister
Lev: husband dies wife marries his brother |
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Term
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Definition
Occured in mainland asia
17,000 BP |
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Term
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Definition
More likely to be seen away from source
- because pot cause site of ware is too far away |
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Term
| Ways Raw Clay Can B Shapped into a Pottery Vessel |
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Definition
-Mold " raw clay over top"
-Anvil and Paddle
-Wheel Turned
-Coil and scrape
Can be made in many different shapes from an open jar to cantina to bowl. make in technique were they are scrapped together in a coil |
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Term
| Ways Raw Clay Can B Shapped into a Pottery Vessel |
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Definition
-Mold " raw clay over top"
-Anvil and Paddle
-Wheel Turned Potter |
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Term
| Evidence of State Level Decision Making Hierarchy |
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Definition
Cunneiform Tablets
Cylinder Seals- Stamp off things that have been given as a gift, to be recorded and acknowledged
Writing (taxes, tribute) |
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Term
| Artifacts found in Ohio Hopewell |
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Definition
Grizzly Teeth - from rockies
Shells
Flint- Dakota
copper - Great lakes
Obsidian - Wyoming |
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Term
| Ceramics Oxidizing vs Reducing Enviroment |
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Definition
Oxidizing: Open Fire - tons of air/ oxidizing environment
Reduced: Reduces amount of oxygen in environment
reducing items look a lot more glazed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tribal lineage that are unstable but complimentary in opposition. Because people are competing for status. |
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Term
| Direction Trade / down the line trade |
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Definition
Direction trade is most frequently observed amongst tribe
Hopewell
Down the line trade - Roswell, slow trickle of items
Hopi Yellow wares
Modern Pueblo, the further away from hopi the less ware you find. from hopi to colorado 200 km. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules and structure that govern a group of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A form of Classifying Sherds into Types
- Sand : Crushed animal bones
were traded.
-Crushed Rock
-Crushed Sherds
-Bone: sand, grass, etc...
-Shell : crushed shell
Tempers Sources are sacred
-Very specific rules with how tempering can be made |
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Term
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Definition
Under microscope by shooting polarized light through the thin section
-the type of temper shows up
-mica shows up
-elements show up
extremely diagnostic
Shows the minerals present and particle size |
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Term
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Definition
Classification in decorated:
Slipped
Polished
Paint
Cord Marked
Incised: with patterns
Indented: has marks on them
Breaks into small pieces when fired
Stamping: clay was stamped by decorative tools
People had to be trained to make these.
Status in kineships who make these |
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Term
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Definition
Leads to important cognitive information
-decoration can tell about village and decorations in comparison to other villages
Paint was made of lead
Brush was made from yaca fiber |
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Term
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Definition
Cluster of Types
-Can tell Chronology
-Cultures
-Exchange
If you focus on assemblages you can get precise date for pottery type
Matter of minutes it can tell you of where you are in time. |
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Term
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Definition
Bowl / Jar / Water Bottle / Pot
Cooking
Serving
Storage
-access often
-access rarely
-Liquids
-Solids
We can do residue analysis
We can see when 1st beer was brewed
Pots are more fragile
Transfers heat rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
Can tell what types of foods are being cooked
-Cooking vessel tempers is different
range of study looks at structure vs shape |
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Term
| Social dimensions of pottery |
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Definition
Gender:
women roast and boil in pots
Men roast - ritual beer and ceremonial products
Storage:
communal
household
Wealth vs Status
-Number of vessels
-Quality of vessels
Mortuary insights:
-Gender
-Status
-Beliefs " Killed pottery"
Northern arizona you can study site but can't take them. There individuals are buried with "quality and quantity"
We can see where they are storing and gives us social relations |
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Term
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Definition
Standardization
Quality of Workmanship
Spatial clustering of:
-Kilns
-wasters
-polishing stones
-stored clays and tempers
this shows uniformity amongst different clans |
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Term
| Ethnoarcheology vs archeologist |
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Definition
Etno:
-organization of production
-vessel function
-use-lives and disposal
-source of designs
-ownership of clay sources
-focus on behavior
-doesn't see bodies
Archeologist:
focus on material
-cant watch, determine remnance of what people do. |
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Term
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Definition
Storage:
-reduces seasonal stress, so don't have to make new ones
-food preservation
cooking:
-Makes things easy to cook
-breaks down start granules to gel to be used immediately
-softens meat collagen
-detoxifying plant foods
cooking was the most important invention
people became dependent on them so didn't have to make them as often |
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Term
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Definition
Pottery vessels are fragile and heavy
-makes people less mobile
Labor intensive
Increases fertility - The ladies have more meet on their bones because of storage. So they produce more fulfilling milk which makes the babies suck less. WHen this happens the hormone levels on the ladies go down so ovulation increases and babies are being born much quicker. .
fosters hoarding - me attitude develops cause people are storing and saving food for bad weather, so no one wants to share.
requires fuel |
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Term
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Definition
Volcanic Glass
Helps map out trading patterns in southwest New Mexico.
Neutron Activation Analysis: composition of obsidian or flint
-gamma ray emissions indicate elements and abundance. Tells counts of gamma rays and it will show things like zinc, iron, scandium, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
10 sites
AD 900 -1100
200,000 roof beams for all 10 towns - hauled from mountain range grange
cut stones in houses
Northeastern New Mexico
Site of Pueblo Bonito |
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Term
| Pueblo Bonito ( Inside Chaco Canyon) |
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Definition
Largest Chaco Town
Had a D shape
3 acres
800 rooms
15 beams per room
Was 4 stories high
Had Ceremonial rooms kind of like churches " Kiva"
Bonito had 12,000 of 200,000 total Canyon beams
These are pine trees which were Hauled from 40+ miles away
Pueblo's are making pilgrammage to theses areas and bring back corn and more. |
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Term
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Definition
Strotinum isotopes and corn
-What this is, " you are what you eat" tells us composition and location of trees and such.
We know where corn is from also.
-Over represented:
building debris
broken pots
-Under represented:
Food remains
-Cultivation:
arable soil inadequate
can't support pop because not enough space.
was corn imported
Bonito:
160 Cylindrical cups "mugs" in bonito all found in the same room.
only 200 known total
Maya produced the other 40 cylindrical cups
- indicates a serious connection b/w mayans and bonito
100 of miles away from chaco
THese cups were used in chocolate ceremonies. |
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Term
| roswell trade down the line |
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Definition
| People trading from different parts that eventually leads to roswell but lot less occureant as they get closer to roswell. |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily in decorated wares
% repaired increase with distance from the wares original manufacturing location because easier to repair than go back and get a new one.
reflects the value of the vessel
they drill a hole inside of the crack and stitch hole through wrap around. |
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Term
| Ohio Hopewell - directional exchange/tribe |
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Definition
200 Bc- Ad 450
-obsidian coming from northwest, grizzly bear teeth (TN), sharks teeth from east, copper from midwest, galena, trumpet shaped shell from south, mica from southeast, knife river flint ND from north all ended up in ohio with mortuary complexes, perfectly in tact (wow). in peoples burial so really important. |
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Term
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Definition
All long river valley's
All have gates
Turner Site:
48,000 freshwater pears (TN)
- Mound city
200 plain and effigy pipes "tabacco"
-hopewell site
Obsidan offering
100,000 freshwater pearls(TN)
8,000 hornstone disks (IN)
300 LB obsidian ( WY)
210 copper artifacts (Mi)
-tripartite sites
-seip mound (central mound)
ceremonial purpose because had huge ceremonial mounds. |
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Term
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Definition
Mica Grave MOund city (ohio)-
burial with exotic stuff from different sites"far away" |
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Term
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Definition
Testing to show that native americans were responsible for mountain builders.
There were moutain builders myths that disqualified native americans and instead had uncertainity as to who it was . |
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Term
Marriage Pattern
Endogamous
Exogamous- Hunter gatherers |
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Definition
-marry within village
-marry out of village and bring spouse back. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Marry brother
Marry sister
IF spouse dies you marry their siblings |
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Term
Descent
Matrilineal
Patrilineal |
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Definition
via female line of family/status/decent
via male line of family/status/decent |
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Term
Post marital residence
Matrilocal
Patrilocal |
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Definition
Live with wife's parents. For newlyweds
Live with husbands parents |
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Term
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Definition
North Dakota
Matrilocal (pre-contact)
Patrilocal (post-contact)
Women Make pottery
-learn from mothers, grandmothers
-Creates female micro-style traditions
Matrilocal residence
-keeps women together
-microstles spatially homogeneous
Patrilocal Residence:
-keeps men together
-Microstyles spatially heterogeneous |
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Term
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Definition
Pottery made by women
Teeth reflect geology of where you grew up
Dental Chemistry:
-Teeth form in childhood
-Tooth chemistry reflects bedrock geology
Matrilocal Residence:
Keep women in natal territory
female tooth chemistry is homogeneous
male tooth chemistry heterogeneous
Patrilocal Residence
-keeps men in natal territory
-female tooth chemistry heterogeneous
-Male tooth chemistry homogeneous |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear: consisting of only a father and mother and their children, who share living quarters. Nuclear families can be of any size, as long as the family can support itself and there are only children and two parents.
Extended: feels a greater security and belongingness. This is an advantage of extended type of family because this family contains more people to serve as resources during crisis and provides more role models for behaviour of values. The disadvantage of living in an extended type of family is shouldering more expenses for their basic needs. |
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Term
| Cross Cousin / Parrellel cousin marriage |
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Definition
Cross cousin:
Male of father has to marry fathers, sisters, daughter.
Male of mother has to marry mothers, brothers, son
Hunter gatherers were about status and non equality in gender. not same for bands.
They married their first cousins
Male-mothers brother- was most important male in life of children.
=when does inherited status occur??
Parrellel Cousins: when people's children marry same sex of parents children. |
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Term
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Definition
WALPI - one of peublo cities on a huge cliff, still inhabited today. one of oldest inhabitants
We believe Peublo was a pilgrammae center for seasoned visiters. such as priest or others. This explains how such things as corn and artifacts were found. |
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Term
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Definition
| spirit release in pottery. |
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Term
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Definition
Smallest Social Organization - approx 500 people.
mobile
Non-storage
No centralized leadership (consensus-based)
Achieved/acquired status ( no inherited)
Egalitarian (status base age and gender)
All bands are hunter gatherers but not all hunter gatherers are bands.
Little Agriculture
Many had Slaves
Each person with achieved status specializes in something |
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Term
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Definition
Low density sites
Low density materials
Impermanent Structures (similar size)
Fauna + botany indicated seasonal occupation
Few burials in the middle of no where
Who ever was there saw-Not that didn't matter
Don't store anything of high value with bodies
Both sexes treated similarly
naming of baby is changed after 1st year because infant mortality so the baby is important after 1 year.
S.A.N term used for bushman, who looked like aborigines. |
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Term
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Definition
Largish Population ( approx 1000 people)
Egalitarian > Transegalitarian (wealth displays)
No centralized leadership
Big Men
Long distance exchange (directional)
unstable alliances and warfare
segmentary lineages ( matrilineal vs patrilineal)
cemeteries (lineage claims to ancestral lands)
sodalities (war societies, rain-making societies) |
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Term
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Definition
No heridetary status or wealth
no competition kinda
ultimate example of teamwork
public display of wealth is accepted
No chief
Unexplained death caused by witchcraft in other city |
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Term
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Definition
| Show social organization of town and status of person buried |
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Term
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Definition
Cooperate with closest lineages
unstable
-first born inherited the farm
-complementary opposition
Tribal lineage that are unstable but complimentary to opposition due to status battle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Burnt sante fe - decade later spanish re evaded due to segmentary |
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Term
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Definition
New Guinea
Witchcraft, big man offers to host feast
puts relatives to work to pay back
trades to build surpluses
Hosts huge feast
wealth buried at funeral
Creates alliance but only because indebted to them.
pigs are a sign of wealth
Feast of the dead: ritual events "huron tribe"
close to hopewell- highly ritual burials -high ranks |
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Term
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Definition
Ranked Societies
-Lineages ranked by PRIMOGENTIURE
-status ascribed (inherited)
First born is the most critical
Ranking society were one individual has higher status
People who memorize geneology
No low status individual could ever succeed
Example of most complex: hawaii |
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Term
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Definition
2 leve hierarchy
: chiefs
-villages
households |
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Term
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Definition
3 level hierarchy
4 tiers with chief, town and villages then households |
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Term
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Definition
4 level
1: primate center then same as 3 level
-functional /decision making hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
settlement hierarchy
frequency distribution of sites by size
1 level = less acres
3 level = many acres more and more sites
survey a region: identify a site, figure out how big site was and get hypothesis |
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Term
| decision making hierarchy |
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Definition
artifacts of record keeping and control
-writing (taxes, harvests, tributes)
Cylinder seal
Cunniform Tablet (sales contract)
Sumerian and akkadian
the writing system is record of administrative society. |
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Term
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Definition
states - classes / groups for hierarchy not individual cause way too many people. stratified system
chiefdom: high status commoners - more individuals |
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Term
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Definition
Top TIer Settlement linked with east st louis, IL)
AD 900-1100
Largest site in the U.S. 3rd largest pyramid
North of Mexico
>3000 acres
120 mounds |
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Term
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Definition
Monks Mound - 14 constructions stages
Shows:
-labor was massive
-Engineering genius
-Specialized labor
-Mounds was colored red,black, yellow and white |
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Term
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Definition
Mound 72
high status burial mound which was inherited
most research done on any one mound here
Buried on a litter
People were beheaded, enemy sacrifices? slaves?
For one big shot:
-50 plus females
(18-23)
Probably strangled
buried with eagle
Ex:
staff wrapped in copper
sheet copper
chunky stones
projectile points
sacrifices
Collagen 15% N meet |
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Term
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Definition
Chunky Field:
were games were played by native americans
-sacred functions
middle of residences |
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Term
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Definition
Indicators of Complexity:
Power: aztec sacrifice
Monumental Architecture: Egypt
Craft Spec : Greek
Wealth and Status: king tut |
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