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| In species in which females choose mates, sexual selection favors traits that make males more attractive. |
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| Favors traits that enhance success in male-male competition. |
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| Struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex. |
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| Those derived from common ancestry |
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| Traits due to convergent evolution (what ecological factors contributed to this?) |
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| Large difference in morphology between males and females of groups. Common in polygamous species. |
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| Sexual Selection in multimale, multifemale groups favors... |
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Definition
| Increased sperm count --> increased likelihood of impregnation. |
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| Nuchal Crest, 2123, Large Canines, Large Brain Case, Pronounced Prognathism, No Forehead, Paddle-shaped Pelvic Blade, Longer Arms, Long Curved Digits, Barrel Ribcage, No Tail, Y5 Molars, Post-orbital Constriction, Opposable Hallux, No Foot Arch, Grasping Feet, No Chin, Dorsal Scapula, Simian Shelf, Fist Walker, C-shaped Spine, Similar Vertebrae Size |
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| A bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible |
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| Sagitaal Crest, 2123, Large Canines, Medium Brain Case, Prognathic, No Forehead, Paddle Pelvic Blade, Longer arms, Long Curved Digits, Barrel Ribcage, No Tail, Y5 molars, Post-orbital Constriction, Opposable Hallux, Grasping Feet, No Chin, Dorsal Scapula, Simian Shelf, Knuckle Walker, C-shaped Spine, Similar Vertebrae Size |
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| No Crest, 2123, Large Canines, Medium Brain Case, Reduced Prognathism, Paddles Shaped Pelvic Blade, Longer Arms, Long Curved Digits, Barrel Ribcage, No Tail, Y5 Molars, Post-Orbital Constriction, Opposable Hallux, No Foot Arch, Grasping Feet, No chin, Dorsal Scapula, Simian Shelf, Knuckle Walker, C-shaped Spine, Similar Vertebrae Size |
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| No Crest, 2123, Indeterminable Canine Size difference, Large Brain Case, Non-prognathic, Forehead, Saddle Shaped Pelvic Blade, Shorter Arms, Short Flat Digits, Barrel Ribcage, No Tail, Y5 Molars, No Post-Orbital Constriction, Non-opposable Aligned Hallux, Foot Arch, Non-grasping Feet, Chin, Bipedal, S-shaped Spine, Increasing Vertebrae Size |
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| Protrusion of the lower mandible |
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| Having a variety of specialized teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) |
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| The number of each type of tooth in one half of the upper and lower jaw (I:C:P:M) |
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| Altruistic strategies in evolution that favor the reproductive success of an organism's relatives at a cost to their own survival and/or reproduction. |
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| Old World Monkeys AKA Cercopithecoid |
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Definition
| E.g. Baboons, 2123, narrow downward or forward-facing nostrils, Tails are not prehensile, Bilophodont Cusp on Molars, Quadrapedal Locomotion with Tail Balance |
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| New World Monkeys AKA Platyrrhine |
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| E.g. Pygmies, 2133, Broad Flat Sideways-facing nostrils, Prehensile Tails, 12 premolars, Small to Mid-sized, Arboreal, Non-opposable thumbs |
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| E.g. Lemurs, Nails and Claws, Curled Nostrils, Tooth Comb, Elongated Snouts (prognathic), Small brain case relative to body, Heightened Smell |
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| Primates that aren't monkeys or apes |
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| Apes and Humans. No tail, Shoulder blades at back rather than side, Y-5 pattern on molar teeth (not bilophodont), Enlarged incisors, Large brains |
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| The ecological role of a species. Activity period (diurnal or nocturnal), Substrate (arboreal/terrestrial), Diet (feeding role in community -- omnivore/herbivore etc.) |
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| The Competitive Exclusion Theory |
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Definition
| No two species can occupy the same biological niche -- one must change or go extinct. Competition is the key force in behavioral adaptation, occurring whenever resources are limited |
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| Competition over monopolized resources (e.g. females to fuck) |
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| Over un-monopolizable resources (e.g. large watering hole). Indirect Competition |
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| Why anthropologists study nonhuman primates? |
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| Help us understand human evolution through reasoning by homology and reasoning by analogy |
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| The existence of homologies give us insight into the behavior of our ancestors |
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| Behavior and morphology in relation to environmental factors show how evolution shapes adaptation in response to different selective pressures. |
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| Rate at which an animal expends energy to maintain life when at rest. |
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| Total Amount of Energy an Animal Requires (and diet choice) Affected By... |
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Definition
| Basal Metabolism, Active Metabolism, Growth Rate (size), Reproductive Effort, Nutrient Resources |
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Definition
| Active efforts to prevent endangerment vs. observation of animals to procure data |
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| Advantages of Group Living |
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Definition
| Detection (more eyes looking out), Deterrence (chase predators away in groups), and Dilution (threat to any individual is diluted when predator strikes at random). |
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| Costs of living in groups |
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Definition
| More competition over food and mates, higher vulnerability to disease, hazards from conspecifics (cannibalism, cuckoldry, incest, infanticide) |
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| Forms of Social Groups among Primates |
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Definition
| Solitary, Pair-bonded, Polyandry, Polygyny: multimale, Polygyny: one-male |
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| One female is paired with two or more males. Share territory/home range with offspring. |
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| Groups are composed of several adult females, resident male, and immature individuals. Non-resident males live as bachelor males in large groups and attack the dominant males |
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| Groups composed of several adult males, adult females, and immature animals. Males disperse between bisexual groups, remain solitary, or join boy bands. |
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| Simple sugars in fruit, animal prey fats and oils, gum from plants, flowers, sap, underground parts |
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| Insect prey, young leaves, mature leaves (via special adaptations that break down cellulose), seeds, woody stems, gum, underground parts |
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| Animals, Seeds, Young leaves |
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| Animals, young leaves, sap, gum |
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| Animals, fruit, flowers, young leaves, sap, and underground parts |
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| Protein from insects. Carbs from Gum and Fruit. |
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| Protein from insects or young leaves. Carbs from fruit. |
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| Territoriality: Advantages |
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Definition
| Prevents outsiders from exploiting the area's limited resources -- females need food, males need females. |
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Definition
| Residents must be constantly vigilant against intruders, regularly advertise their presence, and be prepared to defend their ranges against encroachment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pythons, raptors, crocodiles, leopards, lions, tigers, and humans. |
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| Who is most vulnerable to predation? |
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Definition
| Terrestrial species and those living in larger groups. |
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| Theory suggesting that altruism exists in groups that are not closely related (kin selection). |
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| Males don't care for offspring when... |
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Definition
| 1) They can easily use their resources to acquire many additional matings 2) When caring for their offspring would not appreciably increase the offspring's fitness |
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| An action performed that may be negative for the actor but is beneficial for the recipient. Costs are lower than benefits and are limited to kin. Closer kinship facilitates more costly altruism. |
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| The Arboreal, Visual-Predation and Angiosperm Co-evolution Hypotheses |
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Definition
Aboreal: Primates adapted features that favored living in trees. These included orbital frontation, grasping hands and feet, and enhanced cognitive processing.
Visual-Predation: Arboreal predation accounted for grasping hands and feet, but particularly the increased visual overlap and brain size.
Angiosperm Co-evolution: The increased exploitation of angiosperms selected for modern primate characteristics. “Enhanced visual acuity, color vision, and characteristics amenable to exploiting terminal branch resources all allowed for efficient acquisition of a resource with an angiosperm-like distribution. Additionally, the emergence of flowering plants in the Paleocene roughly coincides with the emergence of the earliest primate ancestors.” |
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| What are the three main proximate threats endangering primates? |
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Definition
| Habitat Destruction, Hunting, Live capture for trade and export |
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high rainfall: 68-78 inches
high biodiversity
4 layers |
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Rainfall is concentrated into a wet, or rainy, season, which is called a monsoon
Extremely varied animals live there |
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Term
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Definition
grassland ecosystem
trees are sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close
Savanna covers 20% of the Earth’s land area.
not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests.
Savannas have warm temperature year round
There are two very different seasons in a savanna; a very long dry season (winter), and a very wet season (summer).
Most of the animals on the savanna have long legs or wings to be able to go on long migrations. Many burrow under ground to avoid the heat or raise their young |
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Definition
less than 10 inches of rainfall per year
have a moisture deficit (i.e. they can potentially lose more than is received)
contain animals that remain hidden during daylight hours to control body temperature or to limit moisture needs.
most desert plants are salt-tolerant
In hot deserts the temperature in the daytime can reach 113 °F or higher in the summer, and dip to 32 °F or lower at nighttime in the winter |
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| When primates exploit food that are difficult to extract. Ex: puncturing an eggshell and extracting its contents or poking a hole in a termite mound to get termites. |
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