Term
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Definition
| Man. Humanity (gender neutral) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways to study humanity? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 subfields of anthropology at UNM |
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Definition
| Evolution Anthropology. Archeology. Ethnology (socio-cultural and linguistic anth) |
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Term
| What does Evolution Anthropology study? |
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Definition
| Evolution of homo sapiens sapiens. Primates. Great Apes. Human health and evolutionary factors related. |
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Term
| What does Archeology study? |
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Definition
| The past. Artifacts. Human remains. |
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Term
| What does Ethnology study ? |
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Definition
| Contemporary human beings. Cultures. Language |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of gathering data through the senses. |
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Term
| Is science empirically based ? Why so ? |
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Definition
| Yes. It is done through the gathering of data supporting hypotheses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Propose explanation for data. |
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Term
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Definition
| Data supported hypotheses, been supp. by data. |
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Term
| What are the 3 tools of anthropology? |
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Definition
| Wholism. Comparativism. Relativism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempting to take the general context in consideration. Trying to understand why something is done the way it is done. Everything has a meaning or purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific vs general. Asking the question is anything general vs specific. What kind general conclusions can you reach from specific instances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction to difference. Opposite of ethnocentrism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking of one's own group or culture as superior, centered on one's ethnicity |
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Term
| Why do we need relativism to apply wholism and comparaitivism? |
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Definition
| Because relativism sees validity in all human behaviors or expressions. |
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Term
| Name the defining features of culture. |
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Definition
| Learned. Shared. Collective. Behaviors. Knowledge. |
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Term
| Socialization is to behaviors what _____________ is to knowledge. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 5 different facets of culture |
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Definition
| Norms. Values. Symbols. Collective understandings. World View. |
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Term
| Name a few different types of symbols. |
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Definition
| Letters. Numbers. Financial. Political. Money. |
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Term
| How are symbols created ? |
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Definition
| They are mental abstraction created by humans. |
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Term
| What is necessary for a symbol to have value ? |
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Definition
| We have to will and agree upon it. |
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Term
| Are symbol static ? Give 2 examples. |
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Definition
| No. Confederate flag has a different meaning for different individual, and so does the rainbow gay flag. They are both under the process of transformation. |
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Term
| Can animal think symbolically ? Support your point. |
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Definition
| Unsure. Hard to say if we are projecting on them. Chimps are learning sign language. Would they use symbolic thinking in nature ? Hard to say. |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of collective understandings. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is space an example of a collective understanding? |
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Definition
| How much personal space, living space, sleeping space one need is very much influenced by the culture in which one lives. How one arranges that space, and live within in also as a lot of cultural variations. |
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Term
| How is time an example of a collective understanding? |
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Definition
| Being on time is a very linear process that applies in the US, but not to many other cultures. The idea that time is substance, that we can save, waste or measure it is also a US collective understanding that does not apply in other places. How we think about the past, present and future also varies. |
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Term
| How is health a collective understanding ? |
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Definition
| It varies in different cultures at different times. Allopathic med. views health as the absence of disease. We work with symptoms. Chinese med. views health as an ongoing process to maintain. Ayurveda sees med. in the context of doshas. |
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Term
| How is world view an example of collective understanding? |
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Definition
| Religions, politics, big concepts are all classifications, ideas we make real from our collective imagination. Race, for example, is a non biological concept that did not exist in the other time and places, such as w/ Greeks. |
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Term
| How much genotype is the same between all human beings ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Natural Selection in your own words. |
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Definition
| Natural selection is a slow process of change in a population over time in which random genetic mutations in individuals will enable them to adapt to their environment and produce viable offsprings, who in turn will pass these successful traits to future generations. |
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Term
| Is natural selection about the competition between species ? Explain. |
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Definition
| No. Competition between species may not lead to natural selection. |
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Term
| Does natural selection tell us how species emerge ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Place these terms in order of smallest to biggest. Chromosomes. DNA.Gene. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in a particular gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic genetic unit of information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genes arranged in double helix feature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell structure formed of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| When populations are isolated from each other for a very long time, they can become different species. |
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Term
| Why are Finches a good example of genetic drift ? |
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Definition
| They formed different species while isolated on different islands. |
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Term
| What is the Island effect ? |
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Definition
| It is a kind of genetic drift. |
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Term
| What kind of problems can emerge from genetic drift in the context of the Island Effect ? |
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Definition
| Dwarfing and Gigantism. Flores Island in Indonesia : Dwarf elephants. Giant rats. Selection of smaller or bigger individual depending of the food availability. |
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Term
| Are we seeing the genetic drift in humans ? Did a new species emerged from isolation? |
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Definition
| No. An example is the aboriginal people of Australia. They were quite isolated for a long time, and still produce viable offsprings with people from all around the world. The genetic identity is still present and very similar. |
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Term
| Is race biological ? Why ? |
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Definition
| No. It is a social construction. We can trace back the emergence of race as a concept. |
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Term
|
Definition
Kingdom,
Phylum.
Class.
Order.
Family.
Genus.
Species. |
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Term
| Taxonomy, or classification of Sapiens Sapiens. |
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Definition
Kingdom: Animals
Phylum: Chordales / Sub Phylum : Vertebrates
Class : Mammals
Order: Primate ( Monkeys and Apes )
Family : Apes ( Old world monkeys )
Genus : Homo
Species : Sapiens Sapiens |
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Term
| Family of old world monkeys |
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Definition
Gibbons + Siamanys (Lesser apes)
Greater Apes :
Orangutangs
Chimps, gorillas and humans ( all hominids) |
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Term
| Did humans evolve from chimps ? Explain. |
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Definition
| No. We shared a common ancestor 5.2 mya. |
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Term
| Name the members of the hominids sub family of great apes |
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Definition
| Chimps, Gorillas, Bonobos, Humans. |
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Term
| Are chimps or Bonobos our ancestors ? |
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Definition
| No. We shared a common ancestor 5.2 mya. |
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Term
| The operation of natural selection involves three conditions or principles. What are they ? |
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Definition
| Variation. Heritability. Differential reproductive success. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Every species is composed of a great variety of individuals, some of which are better adapted to their environment than others. Without variety, one kind of characteristic could not be favored over another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offsprings inherit traits from their parents, at least to some degree and in some way. |
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Term
| Describe Differential Reproductive Success |
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Definition
| Better adapted individuals generally produce more offsprings over the generations, therefore the frequency of adaptive traits gradually increases in subsequent generations. |
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Term
| When do a new species emerge ? |
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Definition
| When changes in traits or geographic barrier result in the reproductive isolation of a population. |
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Term
| Describe adaptive (advantageous) traits |
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Definition
| They result in greater reproductive success in a particular environment. |
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Term
| How would the theory of natural selection explain how giraffes became long-necked. |
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Definition
| Originally, the neck of giraffes varied in length. During a long period, food was scarce. Giraffes with longer neck were able to get food, feed themselves and their offsprings, leaving behind more offsprings. Because of heredity, offsprings of long neck giraffes are more likely to have long necks. Overtime, the short neck giraffes would disappear. |
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Term
| Does natural selection account for all of the variation of frequencies of traits? |
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Definition
| No. Genetic drift, as well as gene flow, can be responsible for neutral traits variation. |
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Term
| Describe directional selection |
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Definition
| A particular trait seems to be positively favored, and the average value changes over time toward that trait. |
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Term
| Describe normalizing selection. |
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Definition
| The average value does not change, but natural selection removes the extremes. |
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Term
| Describe Balancing Selection |
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Definition
Heterozygous (varied) combination of alleles (genes) is positively favored even though a homozygous (pairs that are the same) combination is disfavored.
Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies longer than for expected from genetic drift alone. This usually happens when the heterozygotes for the alleles under consideration have a higher adaptive value than the homozygote.[1] In this way genetic polymorphism is conserved.[2]
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Term
| Sickle cell anemia is an example of __________ selection. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular reproduction during which chromosomes duplicate themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which reproductive cells are formed. Only one of each chromosomes pair is carried in every egg or sperm. |
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Term
|
Definition
Adenine with Thymine
Cytosine with Guanine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two spiral sugar-phosphate strands linked by nitrogenous bases.Chromosomes are build of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA stores the info to make cells, but it does not directly affect the formation of cells. mRNA is copied from a part of DNA and moves outside the cells nucleus to direct the formation of proteins. |
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Term
| Describe Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
| Once the mRNA is released from the DNA, it travels out of the nucleus of the cell into the body of the cell. It attaches to a ribosome, which uses the info on the mRNA to make proteins that make up the structures of the organisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations. |
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Term
| Name 5 characteristics of Great Apes |
|
Definition
1. Sense organs. Facial plane = eyes on the same plane.
2. Large brain, which leads to large visual cortex, vision dominated, and #1.
3.Dentition - Omnivores, big teeth
4.Skeleton = not much of a neck, and a small hip opening.
5. Social and reproduction. |
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Term
| Why could it be that humans have such big penises relating to their size ? |
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Definition
| Being bipedal ?? It is not hidden. Could it be that humans used it as display ? |
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Term
| Are gorillas sexually dimorphic ? Humans ? Bonobos ? |
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Definition
| Gorillas, yes. Humans, not that much. Bonobos, not very dimorphic either. |
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Term
| What is the average size of gorillas, chimps and bonobos ? |
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Definition
| Gorillas are about 400 pounds, bonobos and chimps, 100-150 lbs. |
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Term
| Describe the social organization of gorillas. |
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Definition
| They live in groups of one large male, multiple females, offsprings and juveniles. The alpha male is in charge, They are mostly vegetarian, they don't hunt. That have a very limited range of aggressive behavior ; display is often enough. |
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Term
| Our observations of animals in the wild tells us how they are living now in this time, not how they _________ ____ ___ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe orangutang's social organization. |
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Definition
| Solitary... but they area has been devastated, deforestation in the areas where they live in Indonesia and Malaysia. Perhaps there is not enough food to support their normal ways of living. |
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Term
| Chimps and ___________ are the most closely genetically related to us. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe chimps social organization. |
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Definition
| They hunt as a group, cooperate, communicate with facial expressions, hand gestures, vocalizations. They are know to use tools such as sticks for termites. They live in hierarchical groups of 30 to 60 individuals. The alpha males and females are at the top of the chain, they get groomed and decide who eats what. They are violent, known to commit infanticide if take over a new female. |
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Term
| Describe bonobos social organization. |
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Definition
| They live in groups of 30 to 60 individuals. Hierarchical, matriarchal. Don't have much violence. Engage in sexual behaviors gay/or not all day for very short periods of time. They hunt as a group, use tools. |
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Term
| Chimps have been know to develop tools, why do we think bonobos don't ?? |
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Definition
| Chimps live in large area in many different habitats. Bonobos are restraint to a small range. |
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Term
| Give 2 theories explaining why Chimps adapted to large and different areas ? |
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Definition
- They are violent.
-Maybe they were distributed all over Africa at first. |
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Term
| Where do bonobos live ? What is going on there ? How is that affecting bonobos ? |
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Definition
| Congo. Armed groups hunting apes to eat ( and other species as well). War for rare earth metal used in our technologies. Population is endangered. |
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Term
| Chimps and ___________ are the most closely genetically related to us. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are fossils ? What are unaltered fossils ? |
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Definition
| Fossils are preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.Unaltered fossils can provide us with relatively intact DNA. |
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Term
| How are unaltered fossils preserved ? (3) |
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Definition
| Frozen, desiccation or amber. |
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Term
| Speak about Frozen fossils. From which period are the frozen fossils we tend to find ? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Speak about desiccation. What does it mean ? What are the different types of fossil preservation that happen through desiccation ? |
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Definition
Literally removing the water from, extreme drying.
a) Drying.
b)Swamps - water leaves the body
c) petroleum - natural tar deposit |
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Term
| What is carbon-14t dating ? How far back can it go ? |
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Definition
It can go back up to + or - 70 000.
The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide, which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis; animals then acquire 14
C by eating the plants. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and from that point onwards the amount of 14 C it contains begins to reduce as the 14 C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the amount of 14 C in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died. The older a sample is, the less 14 C there is to be detected, and because the half-life of 14 C (the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed) is about 5,730 years, the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by radiocarbon dating are around 70 000 years ago. |
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Term
| What is Postassium- Argun dating. How far back can it go ? |
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Definition
| Potassium–argon dating, abbreviated K–Ar dating, is a radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archaeology. It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar). It can go back + or _ 1 billion year. |
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Term
| What is amber ? How are fossils preserved in it ? |
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Definition
| Amber is resin aka sap. If an insect or other organism gets stuck in amber before it hardens, it can be preserved that way. This is very rare, and happens only in certain areas ( |
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Term
| What are altered fossils ? |
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Definition
| The calcium in bones is replaced with silica and carbon. Certain very specific conditions are needed, such as right moisture, right amount of silica, etc. ) |
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|
Term
| What is indirect dating ? How is it done ? |
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Definition
| Dendrochronology -- dating of the plant mater adjacent to animal material. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Carbon-14
-Potassium-Argon
-Amino Acid racemization (This technique relates changes in amino acid molecules to the time elapsed since they were formed.)
-Electron spin resonance : measuring unpaired electrons |
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Term
| The last common ancestors of humans are _________ and ___________ dating _________ MYA. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Pangaea? How long ago did most continents separate ? |
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Definition
| Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 300 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a super ocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the last supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists. Approx. 65 MYA most continents were separated. |
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Term
| What is continental drift ? |
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Definition
| Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed. |
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Term
| Name the geological periods as described in class |
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Definition
Holocene Now to 2.25 MYA
Pleistocene 2.25 MYA
Pliocene 5.2 MYA
Miocene 10 MYA
Oligocene 20 MYA
Eocene 30 to 55 MYA
Paleocene 60 MYA
late cretaceous 65/70 MYA |
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Term
| What climate changes happened during the pleistocene ? How did it affect Africa ? How could it have affected our evolution ? |
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Definition
| Intermiten glaciation. Africa was drying out. It transformed the land from forest to savana. Perhaps it forced our ancestors to get down from tress and become bipedal.... while bonobos and chimps could ( and still can ) live in trees. |
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Term
| What are the two main archeological areas in Africa ? Why ? |
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Definition
| Eastern Africa ( Kenya -- Rift Valley ) and South Africa ( Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania ). In the Rift Valley soil conditions create and preserves fossils well. Both these locations are in the Rift Valley |
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Term
| Who is the Leakey family ? |
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Definition
| Paleontologists working in South Africa, Olduvai Gorge. |
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Term
| Who is the Australopithecus. When did they live? Different Species ? If yes, which and where in Africa ? |
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Definition
| 4.5 MYA. Yes, different species. South Africa : A. Robostus. A Africanus. Eastern Africa : A. Boisei. A Aeathicopicus. A. Afarensis. A. Anamensis. |
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Term
| Who is the Australopithecus. When did they live? Different Species ? If yes, which and where in Africa ? |
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Definition
| 4.5 MYA. Yes, different species. South Africa : A. Robostus. A Africanus. Eastern Africa : A. Boisei. A Aeathicopicus. A. Afarensis. A. Anamensis. |
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|
Term
| Who is the Australopithecus. When did they live? Different Species ? If yes, which and where in Africa ? |
|
Definition
| 4.5 MYA. Yes, different species. South Africa : A. Robostus. A Africanus. Eastern Africa : A. Boisei. A Aeathicopicus. A. Afarensis. A. Anamensis. |
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|
Term
| Let's talk about the A. Aferensis. Bipedal ? Dimorphism ? Height ? Bone structure? Skull? |
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Definition
| Bipedal. Dimorphic. Chimps height. Bone structure similar to us, skull more like chimps. |
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Term
| Let's talk about the A. Africanus |
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Definition
| Larger. Bigger Molars. Probably eating a vegetarian diet. |
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Term
| Let's talk about A. Boisei. |
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Definition
| Slender frame. Molar smaller, canine bigger = probably eating meat. |
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Term
| How is it that all these species of Australopithecus were living at the same time ??? |
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Definition
| Probably because they ate different diets and were not competing for food. |
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Term
| Name the different types of Australipithecus and locate them in Africa. |
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Definition
| South Africa : A. Robostus. A Africanus. Eastern Africa : A. Boisei. A Aeathicopicus. A. Afarensis. A. Anamensis. |
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Term
| What could be a possible cause of speciation of 6 or so different types of Australopithecus ?? |
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Definition
| They were probably eating different foods, therefore, they were not competing. |
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Term
| Oldest first tool industry we know of today. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Oldowan industry. When did it begin and end ? What were the tools like ? |
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Definition
| 2.5 MYA to 1.65 MYA. Oldest tool found yet. Probably because previous ones were biodegradable sticks and such. Shaped rocks, choppens, simple flakes. |
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Term
| ___________ lived in the Oldowan tool period. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Did Australopithecus use fire ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Did Aferensis, Africana, and Boisei use tools ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probably... none found yet. |
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Term
| What is the condition for further selection to make tools ? Why? |
|
Definition
Bipedalism.
It freed the hands, allowing Australopithecus to see further away in the savana. Therefore, more vision acuity developped, and the ability to coordinate the eyes and hands. The hands could be used in more satisfying way. |
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Term
| Selection towards __________ development made possible the eye hand coordination, higher visual acuity, the use of hands in a more efficient way to create more complicated tools. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can we tell which species of Australopithecus was the most intelligent, advanced and better tool maker ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The first homo lived at the same time as ___________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| For now, we believe the ___________ is the ancestor of Homo. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| For now, we believe the ___________ is the ancestor of Homo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Australopithecus go instinct ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What Genius migrated out of Africa ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homo Habilis. Handy Man. Agile hands. 2.5 MYA. |
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|
Term
| The __________ tool industry is the second industry we know of now. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Acheulean tool industry. When ? What ? Why and How ? |
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Definition
| 1.65 MYA to 250 000 YA. Hand axes. Levallois techniques. To hunt and get food. |
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|
Term
| Can we tell what were the skin colors of early homo, or how much fur, or hair they had ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The reduction of the _________ relative to the __________ cranium is a characteristic of early homo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there any unaltered fossils of early Homo ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Homo required a bigger _______ to better think about, and create better _________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who's Homo Naledi ? What are paleo. thinking for now ? |
|
Definition
| 2.5 to 2.8 MYA. Jaw, teeth and feet a lot like later homo. Brain size smaller, 1/3 of human size. |
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Term
| Evolutionary pressure towards brain development leads to _____ ________ __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harvest of wild plants, eat animals already killed by other animals. |
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Term
| Early homo probably _____ their food. They use ________ industry tools. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Later homo __________ their food, they used ________ industry tools. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Later homo __________ their food, they used ________ industry tools. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's different with Acheulan handaxes from tools from the oldowan industry ? |
|
Definition
| Bigger. More complex. Lead to better diet, therefore bigger brains. |
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Term
| A better diet leads to a _________ ___________, which in turn leads to an increase pressure towards better tools. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do we know why Homos started to move out of Africa ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We can assume that as the brain got bigger, and tools more efficient, cooperation and __________ rose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selective pressure for _________ was accelerated by habitat change ( when homos left Africa ). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Homo ergaster was found in...
Home erectus was found in... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptation that made migration out of Africa possible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did fire make migration out of Africa possible ? (3) |
|
Definition
It allowed homos to cook food, detoxifying it, making it more digestable.
It kept them warm, and allowed them to travel to colder places.
The light kept the predators away and allowed them more time to communicate, make tools. etc - at night. |
|
|
Term
| How did fire make migration out of Africa possible ? (3) |
|
Definition
It allowed homos to cook food, detoxifying it, making it more digestable.
It kept them warm, and allowed them to travel to colder places.
The light kept the predators away and allowed them more time to communicate, make tools. etc - at night. |
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|
Term
| Who is homo floresiensis ? |
|
Definition
Found on the island of flores. Short 3.5 feet tall, skull like erectus or smaller, hand and feet modern.
Perhaps they were so small because of the island effect ? Genetic Drift. ( they have giant rats, small elephants on Flores) . Lived untul 25000 yrs ago. |
|
|
Term
| Who is homo floresiensis ? |
|
Definition
Found on the island of flores. Short 3.5 feet tall, skull like erectus or smaller, hand and feet modern.
Perhaps they were so small because of the island effect ? Genetic Drift. ( they have giant rats, small elephants on Flores) . Lived untul 25000 yrs ago. |
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Term
| Is Homoerectus the ancestor of today s asian people ^ |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be circumstantial evidence that homoroerectus / homo ergaster probably had less hair/ fur ? |
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Definition
| The had discovered fire. They were wearing animal skins. |
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Term
Place these animals chronologically :
Australopithecus
Homo Sapiens
Homo Habilis
Home erectus/ ergaster |
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Definition
Australopithecus - 4.5 MYA
Homo Habilis 2.5 MYA ( First Homo ! )
Homo Erectus / Ergaster
Homo Sapiens |
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Term
| Name the 2 tool industry studied in class chronologically, know when they happened, and what characterizes them. |
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Definition
Oldowan : 2.5 MYA / chopped flaked rocks
Acheulan : 1.65 MYA to 250 000 YA. Hand axes. Bigger, more complex tools. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swinging through trees. Apes brachiate. |
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