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| biological species concept |
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Definition
| organisms may appear alike but be different species. organisms may appear different but be the same species. the biological species concept has to do with who members of a populations actually interbreed with in nature, not the similarity of appearance. |
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| occurs after reproductive isolation. once two populations are separated they accumulate independant genetic mutations through time via natural selection or genetic drift |
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| indicates an extinct species only identified with fossil material. the identification relies on disctint similarities between earlier fossil specimens and a proposed descendant |
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| bone, composed of elements like calcium and phosphate, are replaced by rock forming minerals like iron and silica |
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| the age of one event with respect to another. not a specific time |
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| numerical, not dependent on otehr events. |
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| foundation for relative dating. youngest strata are on top of the oldest. |
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| matching up strata of different sites through the analysis of chemical, physical, or other properities. ex> volcanic ash eruption coats volcanic ash/rock. everything after is newer |
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| faunal correlation (biostratigraphic) |
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Definition
draws on:
- first appearance of an orginism in the fossil record
- organisms evolutionary development over time
- organisms extinction
examines strata and fossil record. some fossils are used as index markers because there specific extinction time is known and is therefore a marker.
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| the time it takes for half of the radioisotope to decay |
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discovered by willad libby
uses carbon isotopes
14c decays into 14n
half life: 5730 years
used for organic materials (wood carbon, bone) |
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Definition
non organic materials (rocks, minerals)
long half life: 1.3 billion years
igneous rock (volcanic rock) is preserved nicely, making this dating method an advantage. only good to 200,000ybp and beyond but there is no limit as to how old
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Term
| argon argon dating method |
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Definition
vlcanic rock is bombarded with "fast" neutrons in a nuclear reactor
advantage: small rock sample. dont need to measure potasium level.
date hominds from 100,000ybp to 5mya |
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| uses data from fossils to reconstruct ecosystmes of the past. involves the study of fossil organisms and their associated remains:life cylce, natural environment, manner of death. paleomagnetic dating uses the earths magnetic field history as a means of dating. orientation of magnetic fragments in sedimentary rock is dependant on where the poles were located on the earth (they have switched 4 times in the last 6 millions years) |
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the euprimates were the first true primates. they lived about 56mya and had key characteristics that made them the first primates
- post orbital bar and convergent eye orbits
- long digits with opposibility
- nails, not claws
- nonspecialized teeth and nonlimited diet
adapids and omomyids |
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Term
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Definition
1. adapids such as notharctus and adapis
pronounced sexual dimorphism
flat and vertical incisors
lower fused jaws
short foot bones
2. omomyids
3. basal anthropoids: asia and africa,eosimias (tiny little angry fuck) because of similarities of foot bone= short calcaneus |
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| how the first primates crossed from africa to south america. va accumulated vegetation and ocean currents |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis: 7-6 mya. tiny brain. massive brow ridge. skull like apes. lived in forest setting.
orrorin tugenensis: 6mya. femurs indicate likely bipedalism. hand phalanxes curved like apes. less the 4 feet tall. lived in forest setting
ardipithecus kadabba:5.8-5.6 mya. some toothe wear on outside of 3rd premolar (perihoning). curved foot phalanges. femur and pelvis indicate full bupedalism. lived in wooded setting
ardipithicus ramidus: 4.4mya. no perihoning. femur and pelivus suggest full bipedalism. small brain. did not knucle walk. |
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Definition
asian ape
thrived 12-8mya
thick enameled teeth=different from living apes
concave faces
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Definition
largest primate that ever lived. 8-.5mya
thick enameled teeth and large thick jaw bones |
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Definition
| branching processs of evolution and the relation of different groups of organisms amongst one another |
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bipedal locomotion
nonhoning chewing |
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Term
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Definition
- the forearm magnum is positioned on the bottom of the skull. This reflects the fact that bipedal hominids carry their head atop of their bodies, in contrast to quadrapedal apes which carry their head on the front of their bodies.
- Secondly, the pelivis is short from fron to back. This is an important anatomical change in the shift from quadrapedalism to bipedalism because it allows for the gluteal muscles to stabilize the hip when walking on two legs.
- Thirdly, the legs of bipeds are long relative to the body trunk and arms. This provides the ability to stride and to do so with minimal energy.
- Fourthly, the foot has a double arch. This allows further ease of walking and running.
- Finaly, the big toe is not opposabel in bipeds. This allows the digit to help propel the body forward in walking and running. as different from the opposable big toe in apes which is more geared to arboreal life.
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| A honing complex is the dentition present in apes and other non-hominid primates. For example, the upper canines of an apes are large, pointed, and projecting wit hsharp edges on the back. When the jaws are fully closed, the canines fit in to the diastema, which is a gap on the lower jaw. The back edge of the top canine rubs against the front of the lower 3rd premolar, which is otherwise known as "honing." Hominids, however, have a nonhoning complex instead. By contrast, hominids have small and blunt canines that wear on the top as opposed to the back. Also, there is no diastema in the lower jaw. Thus, hominds do not hone there canines when they chew. Thus the distinguishing features of hominids are the acuisition and transportation of food (bipedalism) and chewing food (nonhoning complex). |
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Definition
| As with almost all evolutionary changes, there is an associated tradeoff cost. For bipedalism, for example, there were a number of setbacks despite it being a key fundamental attribute of hominid evolution. Firstly, standing upright brought exposure to vital organs and presented a bigger danger for predator attacks. In additon, an upright posture made back problems more prevalent as intervertabral disks are more susceptible to slipping and causing pain. Thirdly, bipedalism negavtively affects the cirulatory system when compared to quadrapedalism, as transporting blood from the legs to the heart is more difficult on the body when standing erect. Finally, if one of a bipeds two legs becomes injured, locomotion is seriously impared. By contrast, when one of a quadrapeds legs is hurt, locomotion is not as impaired because three able legs still remain. |
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Term
| australopithicus afarensis |
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Definition
"Lucy"
3.6mya
430cc brain
curved hand phalanges
no divergent big toe
equal size cusps on third premolar |
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Definition
| discovered in tanzania. resolved any doubt as to whether lucy, a. afarensis, was bipedal. round heels, double arches, and nondivergent big toes. |
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| for first time, ratio of arm length to leg length was much more human. possible ancestor of homo habilis? used oldowan complex, hand tools to process animal remians for food. larger teeth than "lucy" |
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Definition
| large teeth, large, face, heavy muscle attachments, large sagital crest, flaring cheek bones, diet rich in hard foods |
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| measure of relative brain size defined as the ratio between actual brain mass and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size.more refined than a brain to body mass ratio, as it takes in to account allometric effects |
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Definition
| similar in body plan to australopithecines. short legs=more primitive form of bipedalism. larger brain, smaller chewing muscles, and smaller teeth than australopithecus. tool use more prevalent beacuse 1) more tools found in homo habilis fossil site than in australopithecines 2) homo habilis had bigger brains which meant more ability for toolmaking/use. habilis was adaptive and flexible: tools gave access to different kinds of food and habilis became more dietarily versitile |
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Term
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Definition
"choppers, scrapers, pounders"
2.6 to 1.7 mya
first used by ausralopithicus garhi |
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Definition
first used by homo erectus. refined tools that bgan 1.7mya
primary innovation: worked symmetrically and on both sides
handaxe was the primary tool
more mediums and more functions than oldowan |
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Term
| trends from homo habilis to homo erectus |
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Definition
reduction in dentition size
face and jaws reduced in size relative to brain case
brain enlargement
browridge increases
cranial bones increase in thickness
body increases in size
arms are shorter
legs are longer |
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Definition
ridge on top of head caused by masticatory muscles
australopothecus aethiopicus and australopthecus boisei had a large sagittal crest |
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Definition
foods that you resort to when the main diet is scarce
oods that were eaten during “lean times” when regularly eaten foods were unavailable |
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Term
| Encephalization quotient (EQ) |
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Definition
method of calculating brain size
measure of relative brain size hypothesized to be a rough estimate of intelligence
Homo EQ = 7.6 |
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Term
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Definition
use of tools gave them the nickname "handy man"
found in south and east africa by leaky
2.2 mya
brain size= 630 cc |
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Term
| oldowan industry (choppers) |
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Definition
The primitive stone tools found with H. habilis
associated with Australopithecus garhi |
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Term
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Definition
Appears approx 1.8 mya
1st Homo to leave Africa approx. 1.7 mya
Features:
larger bodies
longer legs
larger brain size (950cc)
smaller molars
variation in cranial shape
sagittal keel
cultural innovation= hand axes |
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Term
| “Turkana/Nariokotome boy” |
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Definition
homo erectus 1.6 mya
found in kenya
found as an adolescent
5'3 but if adult would be 6 feet |
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Term
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Definition
Muscles of the neck and back attach to the occipital bone posterior to the foramen magnum, many of which leave traces or scars on the bone.
The most external of these muscles, at the very back of the neck, sometimes leave a noticeable line across the occipital bone.
In some hominids, there is no elevated crest but instead a thickened bar of bone, called a nuchal torus |
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Definition
ridge (runs back to front) but doesn't stick up like sagittal crest
homo erectus had it |
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Term
| Acheulian industry (hand axe) |
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Definition
Culture associated with H. erectus
Including hand axes and other types of stone tools
more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools (”choppers”). |
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Definition
Technique used by hominoids when making tools.
bi = two, facial = face
making marks on both sides to make a thin point such as a spear head or hand axe |
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Definition
A cave site in China, where the “Peking Man” was discovered in the 1920s.
One of the most influential finds in anthropology, with some of the best information about the first hominids.
Showed H. erectus was in Asia at 1.7 mya
Important due to the rapid migration of H. erectus, called the exodus of Africa |
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Definition
evidence found in Zhoukoudian cave site in E Asia, represents a cultural 1st; dated to apprx 550 kya (thousand years ago); fire would have been useful for warmth, protection from other animals (it would’ve scared them away), and also for cooking food
helped establish language |
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Term
| Biocultural changes: H. erectus |
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Definition
More sophisticated use of tools led to more hunting/scavenging/eating of other animals
led to consumption of more protein/lipids (fats), which led to larger brain/body size.
Controlled use of fire led to cooking of foods
Consumption of softer foods led to directional selection for less powerful jaws and smaller teeth.
Idea of socialization and community |
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