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| study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures both past and present |
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| study of human speech/language, including origins of language and specific languages |
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| Archaeological Anthropology |
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| study of earlier cultures and lifeways, specializing in scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of the material remains of past societies |
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| study of human biology within framework of evolution with an emphasis on interaction between biology and culture |
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| study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution as shown in fossil record |
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| study of primate fossil records |
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| earth is center of all. Order from higher to lower organisms |
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| astronomical model based on earth-center view. Earth stays same |
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| Sun center of solar system, challenged Aristotle |
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| pushed Copernicus ideas, got attention of church |
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| concept of genus and species, species defined by reproductive isolation |
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| father of taxonomy. formalized binomial system (genus/species), hierarchical classification. First to classify homo sapiens with other animals |
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| changing nature of species, adaptations, concept of interaction between species and environment |
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Darwin’s grandfather, held to belief in transmutation of species
Jean-Batiste Lamaark- invented evolutionary theory (transmutation of species through interaction with environment. Coined term “biology” |
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| one of fathers of paleontology. Opponent of Lamark. Concept of extinction |
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different floods wiped out creations, followed by newer, better creations
Charles Lyell: father of modern geology |
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| geological processes that work today, worked in past |
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| essay on population expansion (“Principle of Population”), concept that limited resources control population growth, influenced natural selection |
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| invented theory of natural selection (fertility) (“Origin of Species”) |
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| independently came up with concept of natural selection |
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| Darwin’s Bulldog, aggressively promoted evolutionary theory |
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| a change in gene frequency over time |
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| genetic change in frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals |
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| species once created, can never change. Natural selection challenged |
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| primitive cells- no nucleus |
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| cells like you and I have |
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| DNA is stored, replicated and translated |
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| where chemical reactions occur that provide cell energy. They have their own set of DNA, which proves handy for human evolution studies |
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| cell wall that actually is an important functional feature of cell |
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| little things that help make proteins |
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| glop of chemicals and organs in the cell |
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| translation of genetic code that is used to synthesize proteins |
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| molecules that do lots of things in the cell. DNA codes for proteins, so in a sense a gene is a blueprint for a specific protein |
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| duplicate strands of DNA located in the nucleus, congealed into visible structures during cell replication |
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| unwound DNA in the nucleus |
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| all of the chromosomes except |
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| famous X and Y chromosomes |
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| garden variety cells that make up your body |
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| sex cells, the merger of which makes a new organism |
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| cell division in non-gamete (non-sex) cells Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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| creates gametes (sex cells) |
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| cell consisting of two sets of chromosomes (Male, Female) |
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| only half of the complete set of chromosomes |
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a sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
A-T, G-C |
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| group of three adjacent bases that codes for a specific amino acid |
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| one of 20 little molecules that, when strung together, make up a protein |
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| process of creating two identical copies of a DNA molecule from single DNA molecule |
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| Protein that helps stitch together nucleotides during the process of replication |
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| - single stranded molecule used to translate DNA code. Substitutes uracile for thymine |
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| directly transcribes DNA code, the moves to the cytoplasm and serves as template for protein synthesis |
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| transfers amino acids to the mRNA template and links them together |
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| makes up ribosomes, which are like zipper thingies that bring together the tRNA and mRNA to make the protein |
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| copying the DNA code to make an mRNA |
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| translating the mRNA code into a protein |
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| box diagram that helps figure out the combinations of genes that will result in an offspring |
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| adult came from sperm, not meiosis |
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| combination of all genes that you have in your genetic code |
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what you look like as a result of your genes, and the environment
Phenotype ratio- 9:3:3:1 |
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| variant of a gene. Because you have two copies of each chromosome, you have two copies of each gene. If the copies are not exactly the same, the different versions are called alleles |
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| individual has copies of the same allele for a gene |
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| - individual has one copy of each of two different alleles for a genoe |
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| gene is expressed regardless of the presence of another allele |
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| gene is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene |
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| genes that are both expressed- neither is dominant to the other |
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| spot on chromosome where a gene is located |
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| F1 generation, F2 generation |
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| first generation after a pair mates (your kids). next generation (grandkids) |
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| alleles sort independently from one generation to the next (outcome of meiosis) |
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| assortment of chromosomes, and hence genes, during meiosis |
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| ( swapping pieces of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis |
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| traits that are determined by more than one gene |
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| one gene has multiple effects |
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| Non-Mendellian inheritance |
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| traits that follow complicated patterns of inheritance do to polygenic determinance and various patterns of “penetrance” (kind of like dominance/recessiveness, but more complex) |
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| traits only expressed in one sex |
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| flower fertilization, can predict # and proportion of variants in generational crosses- these are Mendellian traits |
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| change in gene frequency over time |
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| combination of principles from natural selection, genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and population biology to form a comprehensive evolutionary theory |
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| Population Demes, subspecies, species |
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| group of inter breeding individuals |
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| principle that members of a species do not interbreed with members of other species- biologicacl definition of a species |
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| alteration of form and physiology in response to natural selection |
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| rare, but ultimately to source of change in the genetic code |
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| movement of genes from one population to another |
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| random changes in allele frequency occurring as a result of a decrease in population size |
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| changes in allele frequency as a result of a decrease in population size |
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| establishment of allele frequencies in a population on the basis of the chance occurrence of the alleles in a small, isolated “founder” population |
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| Natural selection that is driving change in a character over tie in single direction |
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| natural selection that keeps a character from changing over time |
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| total compliment of genes in a population of organisms |
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| actual frequency of alleles in a population |
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| shuffling of genes from the effect of segregation and crossing over |
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| study of the genetics of populations of organisms rather than just a single organism- fundamental to study of microevolution |
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| presence of two genotypes in a population maintained by selection |
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| stable pattern of genotypes in a population |
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| process whereby separate populations are permanently isolated reproductively |
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| differential reproductive success due to variation in mating success |
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| competition to exclude other members of the same sex from access to mate |
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| selection of mates by one sex on the basis of traits or behavior |
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| Positive Assortive Mating |
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| similar individuals prefer each other as mates |
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| Negative Assortive Mating |
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| dissimilar individuals prefer each other as mates |
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| mating with close relatives- increases the chances of having homozygous traits |
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| in its biological definition, populations that show minor differences in inherited traits. Often inappropriately used to identify ethnic groups, or in the sens of a species or subspecies |
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| variation in traits that is associated with geography |
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| gradual changes in the frequency of traits over geographic areas |
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| - idea that physical traits are associated with intelligence, values, morals and so forth. Historically these were traits that were used to bolster racial or ethnic preconceptions and stereo types |
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| deliberate policy of breeding to “improve” the genetic structure of human populations. Popular in the early 20th century- apartheid, genocide (Nazi Germany) |
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| change in an individuals morphology or physiology( skin color, immune response, red cell) in response to environmental changes (altitutde, exposure to disease |
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| ability of traits to change over an individual’s lifetime. Also used to refer to traits of populations or species that response quickly to changes in selective pressures |
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| stability and balance of internal physiological and morphological state |
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| amount of melanin (dark pigment) deposited by skin cells to protect the nucleus from UV radiation. In response to sunlight, correlated with latitude |
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| - important vitamin synthesized in the skin with exposure to sunlight |
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| anything that damages DNA. UV light is a mutagen |
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| animals (including people) living in colder environments have reltively shorter limbs and bigger bodies- animals in hot environments have thin bodies and long limbs, all in association with temperature regulation |
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| : animals get bigger in colder, more northerly climates, again for thermoregulation |
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| variation at a locus (on a gene) |
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| polymorphism with an environmental trigger |
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| higher relative fitness for ‘ carriers’ of specific alleles |
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| investigation of environmental aspects with direct hearing on human health |
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white blood cells
B0cells in bone marrow produces antibodies |
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