Term
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Definition
| Marriage is a more or less stable union, usually between two people who may or may not be co-residential, sexually involved with each other, and procreative with each other |
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Term
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Definition
-The rare occurrence of fraternal polyandry
-The ecology is harsh without much inheritable land. Thus, fraternal polyandry keeps the population low and land within families |
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Term
Why Marry?
-purposes marriage serves |
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Definition
Marriage serves a variety of purposes:
-Sexual propriety
-Domesticate males
-Child rearing
-Care giving
-Property inheritance
-Familial alliances
-Political alliances |
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Term
Incest
-Edward Westermarch |
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Definition
-Prohibition against sexual or marriage relations with kin is a universal taboo
-In History of the Human Marriage, Edward Westermarch proposed:
-If a person P grows up with person S, then P and S will tend to avoid sexual relations with each other |
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Term
Marriage Exchanges: Dowry
-who practices? |
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Definition
From bride's family to married couple
Where: Agriculturists, Industrialists |
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Term
Marriage Exchange: Groomprice
-who practices? |
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Definition
From bride's family to married couple and groom's family
Where: South Asia, India |
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Term
Marriage Exchange: Brideprice/Bride-wealth
-who practices? |
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Definition
From groom's family to bride's family
Where: Horticulturalists, Pastoralists |
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Term
Marriage Exchanges: Brideservice
-who practices? |
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Definition
Groom works for bride's parents
Where: Some Foragers, Horticulturalists |
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Term
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Definition
marriage between two people
-most common form of marriage cross-culturally |
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Term
Polygamy
Polygyny
Polyandry |
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Definition
Polygamy:marriage with multiple spouses
-Polygyny: one man and more than one woman
-Polyandry: one woman and more than one man |
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Term
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Definition
-Why are people everywhere concerned with kinship?
-J.B.S. Haldane's Problems: If organisms have evolved to maximize their fitness, why would they ever behave altruistically?
-Hamilton's Rule: C < R x B |
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Term
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Definition
A sense of being related to another
person or persons
-Proximate indicators
-Cultural rules
-Extended beyond blood
Consanguinal, affinal, and fictive |
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Term
| Three general ways of being kin |
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Definition
-Extend kin terms
-Through adoption
-Through ritual
-Through marriage
-Share descent |
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Term
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Definition
-Found among 45% of cultures
-Kinship is traced through the male line
-Males dominate status, power, and property
-Strongest versions found in South Asia (India, Pakistan) and East Asia |
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Term
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Definition
-Found among 15% of all cultures
-Kinship is traced through the female line
-Women control land and products
-Found in Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, and in some parts of Europe and North America |
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Term
Friendship
-benefits
-based on what factors |
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Definition
-May contribute to economic security
-Related to microcultural factors such as gender, age, class, ethnicity, and institutions
-Maintained through balanced exchange
-Usually between social equals |
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Term
Group Commitment
-what it demands |
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Definition
-Clubs, countercultural groups, and cooperatives face collective action problems
-Group commitment demands:
-Rites of passage
-Badges, Bans, Body modification
-Costly signals are hard-to-fake signs of commitment
-Group commitment demands: Rites of passage |
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Term
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Definition
-Ethnographies of the mafia and urban gangs
-Life in the 'underworld'
-Functionalist perspective on gangs:
-Survival
-Free-rider problem
-Violence
-Costly signals
-As the environment becomes more competitive, violence and costly signals become more pervasive |
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Term
Social Stratification
-Cultural models
-Historical particular
Achieved Status: Class
Ascribed Status: "Race" & Ethnicity, Gender, Caste |
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Definition
Hierarchial relations among different groups, as though they were arranged in layers or strata
-Cultural models |
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Term
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Definition
A classification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogenous and largely superficial biological traits such as skin color or hair characteristics
-Not biological reality
-Cultural construct
-Often used to subjugate |
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Term
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Definition
-Culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas attributed to males, females, or blended genders
-Embodied cultural models:
-Models of comparison
-Viscerally experienced
-Extremely costly |
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Term
| Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) |
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Definition
-Symbolic anthropology: the synthesis of cultural relativism, functionalism, and interpretivism, which take symbols and their public use to be the foundation of culture
-Thick description
-"Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight, 1973" |
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Term
| ZORA-NEALE HURSTON (1891-1960) |
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Definition
-Student of Franz Boas
-Ethnographies in the American and Caribbean
-Harlem Renaissance
-"Their Eyes Were Watching God", 1937 |
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Term
| ELEANOR LEACOCK (1922-1987) |
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Definition
-Student of Franz Boas
-Ethnographies in Canada
-Made the important distinction between sex and gender-the former is biological, while the latter is cultural
-"Interpreting the Origins of Gender Inequality", 1983 |
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Term
Feminization of Poverty
-why? |
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Definition
Disturbing fact that year-by-year, more women and children are impoverished:
-Since 1980s, the poorest are single mothers and their children
-Cultural signs of strife, divorce, abandonment, widowhood, unwed adolescent marriage, and parenthood on women |
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Term
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Definition
The social domain of diverse interest groups that function outside the government to organize aspects of life
-Emergent in modern states: Complement state functions, maintain rights, initiate collective action |
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Term
Political Leadership
-Power
-Authority
-Influence |
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Definition
-Power is the ability to bring about results, often through the possession or use of forceful means
-Authority is the right to take certain forms of action
-Influence is the ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some group |
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Term
| Sociopolitical Leadership for bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states |
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Definition
Bands: Band Leader
Tribes: Bigman/Bigwoman
Chiefdoms: Chiefs
States: King, Queen, President |
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Term
Bands
-Leadership
-Social conflict
-Social control |
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Definition
-Leadership: Band Leader
-Social conflict: face to face, small scale, rarely lethal
-Social control: norms, social pressure, ostracism |
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Term
Tribes
-Leadership
-Social conflicts
-Social control |
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Definition
-Leadership: Bigman/woman, headman
-Social conflict: face to face, small to moderate scale, sometimes lethal revenge killing
-Social control: norms, social pressure, ostracism |
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Term
Chiefdoms
-Leadership
-Social conflict
-Social control |
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Definition
-Leadership: Chief or Paramount chief
-Social conflict: armed conflicts and war
-Social control: unequal resource distribution, social inequality/ranking, recognized exercise of power |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy for developing political leadership in highland New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further gift-giving occurs |
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Term
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Definition
-States are autonomous units with social classes and formal government, based on law
-Includes different kinds of status, systems, and subsystems:
-Population control
-Judicial system
-Policing
-Fiscal redistribution |
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Term
Instruments of Social Control
-what are they
-where are they easiest to implement and why? |
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Definition
-Persons are controlled by: norms, laws, trials, punishment, supernatural
-Social control is easiest in small scale societies, because of kinship ties and community roles:
-Minimal internal conflict
-Lack of sadistic crime |
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Term
Types of conflict
-Ethnic conflict
-Sectarian
-Warfare |
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Definition
-Ethnic conflict: ethnic identities commit people to conflict over material resources (ex water, oil)
-Sectarian: tied to ethnic, but involving differences in religion
-Warfare: organized group action directed against another group involving lethal force |
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Term
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Definition
-Developed the theory of communism
-Became the preeminent ethnographer of the onset of capitalism and its impact on working conditions
-textile production
-experience of workers |
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Term
Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)
-Hegemony |
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Definition
-False consciousness is a spontaneous consent given by the masses of a population to the general direction imposed on social-life by the dominant, fundamental group
-Hegemony is when the privileged group's interest take on an ideology that becomes unquestioned "common sense" |
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Term
| Michel Foucault (1926-1984) |
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Definition
-Since the Enlightenment and Industrialization, knowledge has been used for power
-Cultural models:
-of discipline, punishment, madness, deviance, knowledge, etc.
-Adaptive for industrialist/informatics
-Benefit those in power
-Justified discipline: Military, prisons, clinics, schools |
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Term
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Definition
"Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of the Peasant Resistance", 1987
-Transition to capitalism in Sedaka, Malaysia
-Corrupt political system
Weapons of the weak are ways to get back at authority without avert resistance |
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Term
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Definition
-The cross-cultural study of sociopolitical leaders, legal systems, and forms of social control
-Bronislaw Malinowski
-Laura Nader
-Applied vs. Theoretical
-Critical cultural relativism and cross-cultural justice |
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Term
| Communication vs. Language |
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Definition
-Communication is conveying meaningful messages from one organism to another: cells, insects, animals
-Language is the form of communication that is based on systematic set of learned and shared symbols and signs |
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Term
What is Distinct to Human
-Productivity
-Displacement |
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Definition
Charles Hockett proposed several features unique to human language.
Two remain indisputable:
-Productivity is the ability to create infinite ranges of understandable messages
-Displacement is the ability to refer to events in the past, future, or abstract domains |
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Term
Properties of Verbal Language
-Phonology
-Morphology
-Syntax
-Semantics
-Ethnosemantics |
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Definition
-Phonology: the study of sounds: Phonemics, Phonetics
-Morphology: the study of word patterns
-Syntax (grammar): the study of sentence patterns
-Semantics: a language's meaning system
-Ethnosemantics: the study of meaning with regard to a cultural lexicon in a particular context |
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Term
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Definition
| study the media process and content, the audience response and the social effects of media presentation |
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Term
| Critical media anthropologists |
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Definition
| ask to what degree access to media messages is liberating or controlling, and whose interest the media serve |
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Term
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Definition
-Social inequality in access to new and emerging information technology and form of communication
-homeless
-impoverished
-traditional cultures |
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Term
BENJAMIN LEE WHORF (1897-1941)
-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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Definition
-Early Years: Hartford fire insurance, self taught linguist
-Mid years: studied with Edward Sapir
-The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: that language influences thought and even structures of cognition
-Different "thought worlds" |
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Term
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Definition
Universal grammar is that an innate organ or cognitive system determines the principles and parameters of language
-Poverty of Stimulus
-Critical period
-Translation |
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Term
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Definition
-The study of social aspects of culture on language use, and vice versa: class, gender, race
-Language change: Pidgin, Creople |
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Term
| Critical Discourse Analysis |
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Definition
| -Is an approach within linguistic anthropology that examines how power and social inequality are reflected in and reproduced through verbal language |
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Term
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Definition
History of dropping the 'r' in New York dialects is due to:
-High class British speakers changes in speech
-As a distinction of class in the US
He conducted a study to show that people alter their language depending on class:
-Sak's= always dropped 'r'
-Macy's= dropped 'r' when questioned
-Klein's= never dropped 'r' |
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Term
Religion
-Supernatural beings
-Supernatural forces |
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Definition
-Religion is the set of beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and forces
-Supernatural beings tend to be anthropomorphic, counterintuitive, and sacred
-Supernatural forces are linked to religious experiences or sacred events |
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Term
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Definition
the attempt to compel supernatural forces and beings in certain ways:
-individualistic
-noncommittal
-evidential |
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Term
SIR JAMES FRAZER (1854 – 1941)
-Difference between magic and religion |
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Definition
-"The Golden Bough", 1922
-Distinguished magic from religion:
-Magic attempts to control nature through private practice
-Religion is to worship or beseech the supernatural in public ritual, or to experience the collectively recognized supernatural |
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Term
Religious Belief
-Myths
-Doctrines |
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Definition
-Myths are indirect messages of supernatural, usually verbal and within non-states
-Doctrines are the formal statements of beliefs and rules regarding the supernatural, usually written and within states |
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Term
Religious Beliefs
-Animism
-Animatism
-Zoomorphic
-Anthropomorphic
-Pantheons
-Monotheism vs. Polytheism
-Ancestors |
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Definition
-Animism: spirits in world
-Animatism: impersonal supernatural powers
-Zoomorphic: animal-like
-Anthropomorphic: human-like
-Pantheons: many gods
-Monotheism vs. Polytheism:
-Ancestors: the living dead |
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Term
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Definition
Patterned behavior that has to do with the supernatural
-life-cycles
-pilgrimages
-religious service
-sacrifice
Rituals seem irrational, costly, dangerous, and functionless- So why are they prevalent?: Roy Rappaport.. |
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Term
ROY RAPPAPORT (1926-1997)
-why is religion key to human survival? |
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Definition
-"Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity", 1999
-Religion is a key to human survival:
-tests group commitments
-solidifies social bonds
-provides unfalsifiable solace
-reinforce morals & politics
-gives life purpose |
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Term
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Definition
-Religion is a byproduct of brain function- an accident
-Religion is a byproduct of: theory of mind, agency detection, reciprocal penchants, awareness of death |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a form of change marked by economic growth through industrialization and market expansion, political consolidation through the state, technological innovation, literacy, and social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| An increased and intensified ties related to the spread of Western capitalism that affects all world cultures: communication, economy, culture |
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Term
Homogenization & Fractionalization
-Jihad vs. McWorld |
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Definition
Jihad vs. McWorld: Globalized civilization is schizophrenic- that is, as the world becomes more homogenized, it becomes more fractionalized
-threatened identities
-wealth disparities
-secularism vs. religiosity |
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Term
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Definition
the movement of a person or people from one place to another
-internal
-international
-transnational
Many new challenges for anthropological research |
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Term
Displaced Persons
-Diaspora |
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Definition
-Refugees are victims of persecution, natural disaster, or other forced involuntary migrations: 1 in 500 on the planet
-Dispora is the process where large groups of people are dispersed from their homeland, but identifiable by ethnicity |
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Term
Development
-Four types of development |
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Definition
The change directed toward improving human welfare
Four types:
-economic growth-orientated
-distributional
-human
-sustainable |
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Term
Human rights
-what rights it includes |
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Definition
| Doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Human rights, usually seen as vested in individuals, includes the right to political, cultural social, and economic freedoms |
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