Term
| 3 Lines of Evidence Used in Analysis of Human Evolution are: |
|
Definition
Biology: Morphology & DNA
Environment
Temporal Range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species defined based on fossil evidence, taking into consideration shared, derived traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals capable of reproducing fertile, viable offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared, derived traits (most crucial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grouping based on shared, derived traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of form and function of skeletal remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized or modified from ancestral (primitive) trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
GREAT apes & humans +
-orangs
-gorillas
-chimps
-bonobos
-humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
apes & humans +
-gibbons
-orangs
-gorillas
-chimps
-bonobos
-humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classification based on shared characteristics |
|
|
Term
65mya to present
1st mammals appear (BEFORE mass extinction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early mammal dental formula |
|
|
Term
65-56mya
1st primate-like animals appear; great adaptive radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
55-35mya
1st true primates appear (resembled modern prosimians) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics distinguish primates |
|
Definition
-post orbital bar all the way around eye
-location of hearing mechanism (auditory bulla in temporal bone) |
|
|
Term
| primitive primate dental formula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niches or adaptations conducive to the rise of primate characteristics: |
|
Definition
-visual predation (adapted to prey on insects
-angiosperm radiation (adapted to prey on flowers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eocene early primate, lorise-like, nocturnal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eocene early primate, lemur-like, diurnal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Germany 47mya
-Discovered 1983, described 2007
-basal primate
-omomyoids prob ancestor of lemurs and monkeys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-35-23mya
-global cooling & extinctions assoc w/climate change
-early anthropoids (monkey-like) ~33mya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two transverse ridges or crests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ancestor of OWM & NWM?
-small bodied
-arboreal quadruped
-frugivore
-sagittal crest
-dental formula 2133 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fayum, Egypt
-early OWM
-small bodied
-arboreal quadruped
-dental formula 2123 |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic trends in primates: |
|
Definition
-post-orbital bar
-location of auditory bulla
-higher intelligence
-binocular vision
-reduced snout
-grasping hands & feet
-more social
-reduced birth #'s
-omnivorous
-diurnal
-arboreal |
|
|
Term
| Distinguishing ape characteristics: |
|
Definition
-large canines
-Y5 molars
-sectorial premolars
-longer arms, shorter legs
-broader chests
-more flexible shoulder joints
-no tails
-lack ischial calluses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-23-5mya
-appearance of 1st hominins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-smaller canines
-large incisors
-diastema
-sectorial premolar
-Y5 cusp pattern
-African apes have thin enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the relationship between the canine and premolar; like scissors, working together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"dental ape", ape in dentition ONLY
-17mya
-2123 dental formula
-Y5 molars
-honing complex
-monkey-like post-cranial
-arboreal quadruped
-shoulder joint limited
-limb length equal
-NOT knuckle-walker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-17mya
-Kenya
-thick enamel
-small quadruped (body like Aegyptopithecus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-20mya
-thick enamel
-stiff lumbar spine
-ape-like brachiation
-not like a monkey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-12-8mya
-Europe
-ape dentition & post-cranium
-frugivore
-thin enamel
-Y5
-sectorial premolars
-long forelimbs
-large brains
-brachiator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-13mya
-Spain
-monkey-like post-cranium
-broad chest
-short, stiff lumbar spine
-flexible wrist
-short fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-14-5mya
-Asia
-quadruped, but some suspension
-thick tooth enamel
-poss ancestor of orangs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-15mya
-Kenya
-resembles Proconsul
-non-suspensory shoulder
-forelimb dominated climbing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-9-7mya
-Africa & Europe
-found in Italian coal mine
-ape dentition & post-cranium
-thin tooth enamel
-folivore
-small brain
-NOT BIPEDAL!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-9-5mya
-Asia
-large teeth
-probably ate bamboo
-only jaws & teeth |
|
|
Term
| Distinguishing Hominin characteristics: |
|
Definition
-bipedality
-larger brains
-culture (increased ability to manipulate environment)
-complex language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quadrupedalism, above branch walking on all fours |
|
|
Term
| Lesser apes: gibbons, siamangs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quadrupedal fist walking on ground, quadrumanual in trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brachiation, quadrupeds on the ground |
|
|
Term
| Chimp & Gorilla locomotion: |
|
Definition
| knuckle-walking quadrupeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans walking bipedally: |
|
Definition
-stable, energy efficient
-straight hip and knee
-center of gravity low & centered
-long steps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-expensive, unstable bipedalism
-bent hip and knee posture
-center of gravity high & anterior to hip joint |
|
|
Term
| Carrying angle in chimps: |
|
Definition
| No carrying angle, 90 degrees! |
|
|
Term
| Some possible advantages to bipedality: |
|
Definition
-hands freed from locomotor functions
-walk longer distances
-body temperature maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis "Toumai" TM266 |
|
Definition
-rare late Miocene hominin from Africa
-Chad ~7mya
-Michel Brunet, France 2001
-skull only
-woodland environment
-more ape-like than other Miocene hominids
-flat face
-small braincase ~320-350cc
-large brow ridges
-small canines
-intermediate enamel thickness
-may or may not be biped |
|
|
Term
| Orrorin tugenensis "Original Man" or "Millenium Man" |
|
Definition
-Brigitte Senut, Mark Pickford
-Tugen Hills, Kenya 2000
-late Miocene/early Pliocene ~6mya
-12 individuals
-primitive ape-like teeth
-thick enamel
-small molars
-biped?
-jaws, teeth & a few bones
-femur 1.5x size of Lucy's |
|
|
Term
| Ardipithecus ramidus "ground ape - root" |
|
Definition
-Middle Awash, Ethiopia
-Early Pliocene ~4mya
-Tim White, Gen Suwa, Berhane Asfaw
-smaller, incisor-like canines
-small molars
-thin enamel
-forest environment
-more closely related to chimp or human?
-possible biped (foramen forward)
-mosaic of hominid traits
-several individuals |
|
|
Term
| Ardipithecus kedabba "base family ancestor" |
|
Definition
-Haile-Selassie, Tim White 2004
-Ethiopia ~5.8-5.2mya
-~45% complete skeleton (fragments)
-more chimp-like canines
-"toe off" (biped pushes off on big toe) |
|
|
Term
| Gracile Australopithecines |
|
Definition
-A. anamensis 4.2-3.9mya
-A. afarensis 3.8-3.6mya Ethiopia
-A. africanus 3-2mya South Africa
-A. garhi 2.5mya
-A. bahrelghazali 3-3.1mya Chad
-A. sediba 1.95-1.78mya |
|
|
Term
| Robust Australopithecines |
|
Definition
-A. aethiopicus 2.7-2.3mya East Africa
-A. boisei 2.3-1.3mya
-A. robustus 2mya South Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-South Africa
-Raymond Dart
-1924
-A. africanus "southern ape of Africa"
-Not generally accepted for 30 years. |
|
|
