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| James Chatters. Debate as to ancestry: NA? Who controls remains? |
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| first arch, last king of neo-Babylon |
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| influential individual of early Renaissance |
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| established modern discipline of arch. |
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| Originally in NA, someone who studied antiquities (non-scientifically) for sake of objects, rather than to understand people/culture that produced them |
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| realization that earth wasn't created 6000 years ago (backed up by Darwin, geology, radiocarbon dating, etc) |
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| studies "classical" civilizations of Medit. |
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| New World archaeological flaws |
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| racist anti NA theories, antiquity legislation, NA suspicion of Western archs. |
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| branch of anthro dealing with comparitive study of cultures (eg. NA vs. western) |
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| branch evolved in close assoc. with anthro in Americas... |
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| any movable object used/modified/manufactured by humans; stone, bone, metal tools; beads; pottery; art; religious/sacred items |
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| refuse deposit from humans, sediment. food remains, discarded artifacts |
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| physical structure produced by deposition of sediments into layers (strata) |
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| early-mid 20th cent. "explains" difference/changes over time in artifact freq. via diffusion of ideas between neighboring cultures/migration |
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| list of a culture's material/behavioral characteristics, eg. style of house, degree of nomadism, rituals. used to trace movement of culture across space and time |
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| using functional interpretations of artifacts and contexts to reconstruct daily life in past (defined by Walter W. Taylor) |
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| arose in 1960s empasize understanding of underlying cultural processes and use of sci method |
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| beginning date of formal arch |
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| late 19th century, characterized by sci approach and rigorous methods of excavation and data collection |
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| early principles of arch. |
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| description and culture history, constructing chronologies of material culture, relate to diffusion of ideas and movements of cultures. drew upon nat sci. |
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| move beyond description and chronology to more focus on reconstruction of past |
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| sci approach trying to discover universal laws, develop theories to explain human history |
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| study of all aspects of humankind -- bio, cult, ling, extant and extinct: holistic approach |
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| views humans as bio organisms; physical anth |
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| emphasizes nonbio aspects: learned social, ling, tech, familial behaviors of humans |
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| focus on human lang: diversity in grammar, syntax, lexicon; historical devo, relation to worldview of a certain culture |
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| study of the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains |
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| defines ideas, symbols, mental structures drive human behavior |
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| emphasizes tech, ecology, demography, econ in defining human behavior |
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| search for universals by means of sci method |
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| documentation of artifacts, etc. with contexts |
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| working from specific observations to more general hypotheses |
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| from tehory to account for specific observational / experimental results |
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| logical statements link observations on static arch record to dynamic behavior or nat. processes that produced it |
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| degree to which one's observations/exper. can be reproduced |
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| doctrine/attitude/way of life focus on human interests and values. reject serach for universals and instead important an individual's lived experience |
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| attempt to observe things as actually are, without prejudging etc based on culture. reducing subjective facotrs to minimum |
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| obs/interp from hands-on arch field/lab work. |
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| plant/animal remains found in arch site |
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| nonportable evidence of tech; hearths, arch elements, artifact clusters, midden, soil stain, etc. |
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| middle-level/range theory |
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| links arch obs. with human behavior or natural processes that produced them. why did they do this action? |
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| exper designed to determine arch correlates of ancient behavior; overlaps ethnoarch and taphonomy |
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| study of contemp peoples to determine how behavior translates to arch record |
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| study of how organisms become part of fossil record; how do nat processes produce patterning in arch data? |
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| high-level/general theory |
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| seeks to answer large "why" questions: eg. why are things like this? |
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| overarching framework for understandig a research problem: a researcher's "culture" |
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| research paradigm takes sci. approach emphasizes importance of material factors (eg. environ, pop density, subsistence, tech) in understanding change and diversity in human societies |
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| elements more important to stasify basic human survival; foo, shelter, reprod, health. causal heart of every sociocult system |
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| supoorts choices made at level of infrastruct. includes org of reprod, prod, exchange, family strx, division of labor, age/sex roles, politics, social org, war, etc. |
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| a group's values, aesthetics, rules, beliefs, religions, symbols...manifest as art, dance, sports, science etc. |
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| principle of infrastructural determinism |
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| infra. lies at causal heart of every sociocultural system. society responds to facts affecting survival/well-being and such responses detemine rest of sociocult system |
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explains social, econ, cult change as primarily result of adaptation to material condit; take causal priority over ideational factors in explaining change.
FROM CULTURAL MATERIALSIM |
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| paradigm in favor of humanistic approaches; eschews science, argues against existence of objective truth |
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| ideas of linear progress, abs. truth, science, rational planning, standardization of knowledge. RATIONAL THOUGHT key to progress; sience/tech free people of opression of religion etc. control of nature |
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| expose assumptions behind alleged objective systematic searches for knowledge. postmodernism |
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| stone monuments by Maya to record history in images and hieroglyphics. |
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focuses on humanistic approaches, rejects sci objecti. inherently political, concerned with interpreting past than testing hypotheses. see change as arising from interactions between individs operation within symbolic/competitive system
FROM POSTMODERNISM |
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| processual vs. postprocessual arch |
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| http://www.coolie-mae.com/yournotes.org/university/enmu/line_of_thought.jpg |
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| learned, shared, symbolically based system of knowledge includes traditions, kinship, language, religion, customs, beliefs |
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| 2 major strategies of anth thinking |
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| ideational: culture is instument to create order/ adaptive: environment, tech, econ culture is way they adapt |
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