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-first ethnographer to write solely on own observation.
-encouraged learning language rather than translating
-came up with participation observation. |
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| "culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" |
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-father of american anthropology
-race doesnt dictate culture
-expedition to NW territories produced wealth of culture
-interested in american indians |
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-culture
-ethnography
-participant
-cultural relativism
-naive realism
-ethnocentrism |
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| is learned and shared knowledge that people use to generate behavior and interpret experience |
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| Explicit culture vs. Tactic culture |
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Definition
Explicit: can talk about
Tactic: a loss for words |
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| process of discovering and describing a particular culture |
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-observation
-interrogation
-participation |
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| a cultures beliefs and patterns of behaviors have to be understood in terms of THEIR role in the culture |
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| a notion that reality is much the same for all people everywhere. |
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| a mixture of belief and feeling that ones own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others. |
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| a complex system of culturally defined social relationships based on marriage and birth. |
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| mother or fathers lineage |
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| mother or fathers side of the family |
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| live w/ or near mom or dads side |
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| authority in men or women |
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mothers sister
fathers brother |
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mothers brother
fathers sister |
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| What are the Problems with a kinship diagram? |
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Definition
-they dont take account of change over time
-families tend to me more organized around work, love, convenience, location, ect.
-their usefulness deteriorated as anthropologist studied more complex societies organized by labor instead of kinship. |
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| What are the functions of marriage? |
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Definition
-way to track lineage
-alliance and exchange among decent lines.
-household |
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| the kinship relation between an individual and the individual's progenitors |
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| a rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry |
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-matrilineal
-patrilineal
-bilineal |
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| marriage which allows one spouse at a time |
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| marriage which allows two or more spouses at one. |
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ANDRY- women with many husbands
GYNY- man with many wives |
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exo- outside group
endo- inside group (race, religion, class, ect.) |
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strategies used by groups to exploit their environment for material needs.
-hunting and gathering
-horticulture
-pastoralism
-agriculture
-industrialism |
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foragers
-live in small bands 10-15 people
-typically egalitarian
-share and cooperate |
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-reps earliest farming strategies
-slash and burn technique
-50 to 250 people |
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-move on regular basis
-africa and asia
-large group when sources are plentiful and break off into smaller groups when they're scarce |
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-permanent land holding
-agrarian society |
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-highly complex
-many subgroups and social statuses
-high degree on economic specialization |
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| the ranking of people or groups based on their unequal access to valued economic resources and prestige. |
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-lack formal social stratification
-hunters gather
-HEADMAN leads example
-exchange is based on role obligation
-equal access to both subsistence resources and authority |
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-BIGMAN/ CHIEF leads by persuasion and carries out redistribution
-contains unequal access to prestige
-horticulture society |
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-class and caste
-agrarian and industrialized |
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the transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on their role obligations
-non market exchange |
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| Strategic components of reciprocity |
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Definition
-value, obligation,timing
-gift: value fixed by nature of social relationship
-commodity: valued based on supply and demand |
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-balanced: on spot exchange of = value
-generalized: deferred exchange of = V
-negative: unequal value |
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| transfer of goods between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation. |
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economies that are local and that depend largely on the non market mechanisms,reciprocity and redistribution, to motivate production and exchange
ex. !Kung and horticultures |
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motivated by price, supply, and demand
-american economy and national system |
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| the use of supernatural forces to provide answers to human directed questions |
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| part time religious specialist who controls supernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course of life's events |
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