1 of most important site for neolithic

lies on what is now the "Kachi plain" of today's Balokistan Pakistan

1 of earliest site found for farming and herding 

oldest evidence for drilling of teeth

Pakistan

Largest city settlement in indus valley civ.

early urban settlements

flourished by indus river

planned street grid or rec buildings

mud brick and wooden superstructure

NE of pakistan

pop: 23,500

destroyed under british raj when bricks used for railroad

one of greatest cities in indus valley civ.

differintial living, flat roofed

in rajasthan and india

major provincial capital indus valley civ.

fire altars "worlds earliest attested ploughed field"

prominent city of Indus Valley civ.

Earliest "dock" connected city to sabarmati river

vital trade center

techniques and tools used for beads have stayed 

Lower- hotter, tropical, agriculture    

gulf coast lowlands- hot! swampy

groups in this area characterized by agriculture villages and large ceremonial and political-religious capitals

major cities: olmec, zapotec, teotiucan, etc.

located in middl america (joining north and south america)

Bering Land Bridge

joined present day alaska to siberia

1,000 miles long

during pleistocene ice age

massive glacier that covered alaska and canada 

broke up enough to produce ice free corridor to siberia

highlands plateau in central mexico

surrounded by montains and volcanoes

centre for teotichucan, toltec, aztec

"valley of mexico"

very fertile area

narrow plain

northern peru

flourished during regional development epoch

not a state or empire

Elite (elaborate ceramics, gold, irrigation)

agriculturally based, big investment in irrigation

sophisticated

centered around several valleys

Large settlement in supe valley

Peru, north or Lima

most ancient city of america

Kotdiji- earliest fortified city, defensive wall

Naushero- mud bricks, smalll compared to daborkot

kalibangan- "black bangles" bathroom perhaps, citadel gateway to S flight of steps to climb

Banawall- (vanawali) technology of copper smelting, beads, gold

Lothal- dockyard, lower and upper town, huge warehouse

Dholavira- (kotada) lower, middle town, elaborate

rojdi- fortification gateway, large sq. building, taking raw materials and making finished products

earliest public water tank in ancient world

12 by 7

special religious functions 

water used to purify and renew well being of bathers

short strings of symbols 

associated with indus valley civilization

undeciphered

4,000 of these found

poorly understood

(need more info)

1800 and 1700 bc

destroyed by invading barbaric tribes 

Aryans attacked and destroyed

human remains at Mohenjo-daro (violent)

climate change

enormous helmeted heads

portaits of rulers

no 2 heads alike 

made from basalt

dragged and floated to destination 

required tons of people and time

Street of the dead

Main artery connecting cuidadela with pyramid of moon

broad street like series of connected plazas

many human burials

found along avenue of dead

sun-largest building in mesoamerica

name from aztec

in teoitihuacanos

moon-second largest, covers old structure

platform on top in honor of goddess of water, fertility, creation

plaza of the moon- central alter and internal divisions

four bodies making a cross

also known as temple of feathered serpent

3rd largest pyramid at teotihucan

huge sacrifice place

6 level step pyramid

outside edges decorated with feathered serpent

(war serpent)

supernatural entity or deity

being feather it could fly to reach skies 

serpent made it human

belief and practices regarding communication with spiritual world

big difference between lay people (participated)

and spiritual leaders

piercing and sometimes killing of oneself 

mens testicles, tongues, other body parts

both olmec motif and supernatural entity

almond shaped eyes downturned mouth

a stone or wooden slab

taller than width

erected for funerals or commemorative purposes

decorated with names and titles of living/dead

also used as territorial markers

largest and most important settlement in valley of oaxaca

oldest permanent agricultural villages

first settlement to use potter in the area

first evidence of zapotec hieroglyphic

early center for zapotec culture

carvings of individuals engaged in ritual dances

deformities to possess special powers

Monte Alban 1 and 2 period

depict ball players

sacred covenant between divine creato and souls existed within mind of god

immortalized in the consciousness that carried all individualized life within itself, never separate never apart

important creature

serpent important social and religious symbol

serpents are vehicles where celestial bodies like sun and stars cross sky

two heads, round snout

atop world tree

Sun god

patron deity of inca empire

son of god of civilization

given greatest number of offerings

central figures in popol vuh

Hunahpu and Xblanque

large masonry structure of a type used in mesoamerica for a long time to play the game

also used for functions

more than basic calendar

used for oganizing periods of time

religious observances and social rituals

260 day calendar was one

hieroglyphics

common number system

1519-1521

the aztec reckoning

Hernan cortes landed on coast of Juan de Ulua

called himself god and king

word spread fast, all odds against them

A tiny cob of corn (4 cm sometimes)

ancienct ancestor of modern corn

component of maize evolution

effects of disease

building material

woven lattice of widden strips called wattle is daubed in a sticky material 

agricultural technique 

cutting and burning forests or woodlands to create fields.

done for subsistence activity

faming to cultivate sloped land

andes used for potatoes, maize, and native crosp

inca- soil conservation, systems of canals

decline in maya cities 

biggest mystery

many many theories