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| The study of the human species |
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| The complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society |
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| The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture |
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| Good aspect of ethnocentrism |
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| Extreme aspect of ethnocentrism |
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| The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect in there own terms |
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| Good aspect of cultural relativity |
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| Extreme aspect of cultural relativity |
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| Genocide ("Who are we to say that they are wrong?") |
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| Work done in the field as research, exploration, surveying, or interviewing |
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| When an investigator (participant observer) studies the life of a group by sharing in its activities |
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| A hierarchy ranking system |
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| White higher-class educated Englishmen |
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| The white middle & lower class and the cultures the top of the ladder considered to be "civilized" |
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| Savages and tribal peoples |
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| Rationale behind the ladder |
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| A way to rank cutures and people as above or below one another based on education and technological advancement |
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| Interest in the whole human condition: past, present, and future |
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| The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted through generations |
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| Why is acquisition an important aspect of culture? |
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| If you don't ask any questions you won't learn anything new. (After a few generations of cultural customs not being passed down, the customs could be lost forever) |
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| What are some of the ways that we explain human behavior in anthropology? (10) |
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| Evolutionism, sociobiology, empericism, functionalism, materialism, cultural ecology, cultural materialism, structuralism, interpretive, conflict theory |
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| "The ladder" or idea of cultural progress. A person who supports a policy of gradual growth or development rather than sudden change or expansion |
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| Biological determinism (All behaviors are random firings of chemicals in your brain/body with a focus on sexual selection) |
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Empericism
(Think science) |
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| The idea of the Scientific Method (testing, observing, and proving science) |
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| People have basic needs and society functions to meet those needs. Functionalists see society as made up of inter-dependent sections which work together to fulfill the functions necessary for the survival of society as a whole |
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| A way of life based on consumer goods (Very similar to Capitalism) |
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| How people react w/ their environment and the materials w/in it |
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| Everything has a value and everything is give and receive. As society grows you gain more material goods |
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| Patterns in human behavior that reveals that all humans have basic human ideas. An anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena |
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| Observing behavior (culture is a web; touching one strand will effect the rest) |
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| Applied anthropology. Looks at the struggles for power & how/why situations are in a society during this power struggle |
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| What two things are essential to language? |
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| Differing forms of a similar language |
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| The ability to speak about things that are NOT physically present and/or may not have a physical presence |
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| A sound or gesture that represents a meaning that is NOT self-evident |
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| A sound or gesture that IS self-evident |
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| Any spoken/written word is a symbol |
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| When someone laughs they are happy. Animals cries for food, fear, or hunting |
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| Is Ebonics a form of English? |
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| The study of body language |
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| What are some different ways we use our body to communicate? |
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| Hand gestures, facial expressions, and our posture |
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| What is Chomsky’s universal grammar? |
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| "We all have a set of biological rules" |
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| A simplified form of communication between 2 or more groups that do NOT share a language |
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| A stable, grammatical, new language that originates from a pidgin |
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| How do pidgins and creoles relate to Chomsky's idea of universal grammar? |
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| Ex: When you learn a new word in your non-native language, but think about it in your dominate language |
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| The study of speech sounds that are present and significant |
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| Why is phonology important? |
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| So that linguists can break new words down and explain why it sounds the way it does |
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The smallest sound that changes meaning
ex: Bat->Cat->Sat |
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The smallest unit of sound that carries meaning
ex: Cat->Cats |
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| What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? |
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Definition
| If your native language uses/doesn't use gender you will perceive the world differently |
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| What is focal vocabulary? |
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| "More specified" terms being used between 2 or more people who have a common interest/knowledge base |
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| What is code switching and when do we use it? |
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| Switching between different levels of language and accents. We switch our speech depending on the present situation at hand |
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Definition
3 Ways:
1.) Death of tribes and Civilizations
2.) Forced assimilation
3.) Passive assimilation through immigration |
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| Who benefits from written language? How so? |
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Definition
| Everyone. Writing is now used in nearly every situation in America. It is used in business, social, and religious settings |
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| The rules of your language (grammar, proper speaking/writing, etc.) |
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| The official dictionary of a language |
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| Also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, states that language structures affect the way people conceptualise the world |
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| "More specified" terms being used between 2 or more people who have a common interest/knowledge base |
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Groups of languages descended from an ancestral language or proto language
Exs: Romance and Germanic languages |
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| Old languages that have diverged into several languages used today |
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| The method of dating linguistic divergence |
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