Date: 6-7 mya

Site: Chad

Person: Brunet

Characteristics: Orthognathic (derived)

Primitive chimp sized brain

Robust Skull

Species?

Date: 6mya

Site: Tungen Hills, Kenya

Person: Brigitte Senut & Mark Pickford

Characteristics: "Millenium Man"

Possible Ancestor

Species?

Hominid Trends

1. Decrease in anterior dentition
2. Molarization
3. (Following robust forms): decrease in craniofacial and tooth robusticity
4. Encephalization
1. increase in cranial height
2. Increase in cerebral cortex
5. Decrease in arm length
6. Increase in leg length
7. Increasing reliance on culture, technology, meat

Homo habilis & Homo rudolfensis

Dates?

1.85-1.6mya

Olduvai Gorge

Louis Leakey

Skull, face, dentition becoming more gracile

Larger brain

Big toe parallel with others

1.9mya

Koobi fora, Kenya

Richard Leakey

Same physical characteristics as Homo habilis

Early Paleolithic - early portion of old stone age, first cultural period

Oldowan Technology - ~2.5-1.5mya

Tool manufacture and use

Simple core tools

Crude choppers and scrapers

Possible wood tools at Koobi fora

Possible bone tools at Olduvai

Use of Technology - Scavenging, butchering

Foraging

Nomadic scavenger-foragers

Small scale hunting

Asia: (erectus) - Zhoukoudian, China

Trinil, Java

Africa (ergaster) - North, East (Olduvai), S. Africa

Europe (georgicus) - Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia

Europe (antecessor)- Spain: Atapuerca

Tall, robust body

High sexual dimorphism

More modern morphology and body proportions

Continued reduction of dentition and masticatory apparatus

Large brain

supraorbital and nuchal tori

Postorbital waisting

Sagittal keel - distinctive

Shovelled incisors - distinctive

Pleistocene epoch - "Ice age"

Derived from early homo

Oldowan --> Acheulian tool technology (1.4mya)

Watercraft

Clothes

fire controversy

Possibly language, not articulate speech

Archeulian Industry - hand axes, more refined and efficient

Nomadic scavenger-foragers

Diet - whatever!

more premanent home bases?

Long term seasonal use camps?

Life span was short (50-60 years?)

High infant/juvenile mortality (~40% <14yr)

Africa: Zambia: Broken Hill, s./e. African sites

Asia: Java, China, India

Europe: Germany: Steinheim, France, Spain

.5mya

aka Early Archaic Homo Sapiens

Premodern humans

Derived from H. antecessor or egaster

Europe: later material more neandertal like

Posess H. erectus like traits

Increased brain size, changes in Brain architecture

expanded parietal breadth

More vertical, less pentagonal walls

Decreased body/craniofacial/dental robusticity

Loss of angulation in occipital region

Some evidence of fire

Built free-standing shelters

Furniture! - Seaweed bed in Lazaret, France. Used stone surfaces @ various sites

Tools: Levallois technique

Similar to H. erectus

First evidence of fishing in S. France

Hearths, therefore fire

Homo neanderthalensis

Dates?

Europe: Germany - Neander Valley

France - La Chapelle aux Saints

Spain, Italy

Asia: Iraq - Shanidar

Israel - amud

Uzbekistan - Teshik tash?

Cold adapted

Post cranially robust

Robust short limbs/digits

Large protruding noses

Occipital bun

Larger brains than modern

Mousterian Technology: Greater diversity. Spears, other wooden implements

More permanent home bases

Shelter - same as early Archaic: caves, rock shelters, free standing structures

Fire, hearths were rare

Big game hunters

Clothes necessary for cold

Cannibalism? Evidence of processing, i.e. butchering

Speech - possibly capable of articulate speech - hyoid bone, complexity of culture, behavior

Intentional burials

Homo sapiens sapiens
 

Dates?

Africa: E./S. Africa, e.g. Border Cave

Asia: Zhoukoudian, Mongolia, etc. 

Europe: France, Cro Magnon

Less robst

More square and vertically oriented skull

Pronounced forehead

Reduced dentition

Chin

Crossed Beringea <17kya

Tool Technologies

Chatelperronean (40kya) - neandertal

Aurignacian (40kya) - HSS

Gravettian (27kya) - HSS

Solutrean (21kya) - HSS

Magdalenian (17kya) - HSS

Increased use of bone, ivory, antlers

Big game hunters

Punch technique to produce many uniform blades

Advanced weaponry

Constructed/sewed clothing

Ritual burials

Art

Lascaux cave

Sculpted/carved animals and human figures, bas relief

Cave Art

Aesthetic value

Keeping records

hunting strategies

Communicating within/between groups

~5-1.8mya

Hominin radiation 

Began in Miocene Epoch, continued in Pliocene

Diverged 6-7mya

Portion of ancestral stock isolated

Adapted to changing environment

Carrying things, weapons and tools, vegetable foods, water, infants, travelling between food trees, feeding from bushes, feeding on grass seeds, provisioning family, thermo regulation, looking over tall grass, aquatic life

Meave Leakey - "reaching up"

moving between pockets of forest/crossing open landscape - more efficient mode of locomotion in even terrain

Ecotones - transition area between two biomes but different patches of the landscape, e.g. forest/grassland

No longer tied to ape habitat

Decreased exposure to solar radiation, increased exposure to wind

Divergent hallux

Short legs, higher IMI

Prognathism

Large incisors & canines (except Sahelanthropus)

Canine diastema (gap between teeth)

Sectorial premolar (except maybe Sahelanthropus)

Open country bipeds with a mix of primitive and derived traits, especially masticatory apparatus

Gracile (australopithecus) - omnivores

Robust (paranthropus) - "hard" herbivores

Also, kenyanthropus

Gracile - lighter craniofacial anatomy, smaller cheek teeth

Robust - heavier craniofacial anatomy, larger cheek teeth

Robust face, jaws, teeth - adaptation to processing heavy vegetation/hard foods

Low strontium:calcium ratio indicates consumed animal matter

Buttressed skull, face, mandible

More orthognathic

Cheek teeth out of sync with front teeth - large expanded molars

large muscles of mastication

Compound saggittal/nuchal crest

Homo erectus, ergaster, georgicus, antecessor

Why/How did they spread?

Middle east land bridge to Asia/eastern Europe

Possibly across Mediterranean sea to Spain

Competition for resources

Volcanic activity

-Anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa in the last 200k years

-When they move out, they replace archaic forms elswhere through direct/indirect competition

Proponents: Stinger and Andrews

-Anatomically modern humans evolve in Africa then move out 

1. Smith: Assimilation - assimilate/hybridize with archaic forms elsewhere

2. Brauer: Partial replacement - Assimilate, hybridize in Asia, replace neandertals in Europe

3. Lahr and foley: Succession of independent migrations and periodic mixing account for diversity seen between areas

More modern hybrid replaces earlier forms (except for Brauer)

Archaic forms evolved into modern forms

-Different Rates

Regional differences reflect adaptation to environment and differential gene flow but enough to prevent speciation and allow mixing of traits

Don't believe modern form appeared in Africa and mixed but that that process was gradual in all places

Thus modern forms are descendants of archaic forms

Proponents: Wolpoff and Thorne