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| argued geological strata can be studied systematically, with layering showing great time depth |
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| argued different strata and types of bedrock formed over very long periods through uniform, slow processes; proposed "uniformitarianism" vs. sudden "creation" |
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| proposed that humans were descendants of earlier ape-like forms through evolution and natural selection |
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| objective observations of things and events, generalized statements |
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| hypothesis, method to test hypothesis, data set to examine to test hypothesis |
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| overall culture system interacting with surrounding natural and social environments |
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| cultures as shared belief systems generate their own, internal dynamics, individuals make cultures |
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| objects deposited earlier appear in deeper strata (problems: intrusions and disturbances) |
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| when date determined for one site, this can be used to cross-date other sites in the relative chronological sequence |
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| yearly growth rings in certain tree species can be used to date sites |
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| method for determining the age of organic archaeology materials by measuring the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) |
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| systematic sample (random) |
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| divide surface area into evenly spaced grids |
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| Oldawan tool kit (homo habilis), 2.6-1.5 million BP |
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| "hard hammer" technique with core and flakes; used in hunting, gathering and scavenges (hammerstone/flakes/core) |
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| Acheulian tool kit (homo erectus), 1.6 million to 300,000 BP |
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| developed more refined lithic tools including handaxe/pick |
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| combination of fluted projectile points, hafted to spear and thrown with atlatl; create highly efficient weapons |
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| permit even greater distance shots at targets |
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| candle is lighting in room (romantic setting) |
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| candle represents falling soldiers at ceremony |
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| can have many different meanings |
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| earliest purposeful and ceremonial burials, provide evidence of belief systems, graves lined with stones, food, flowers |
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| suggests social structure (caring for others) |
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| North Atlantic Ice Edge Corridor |
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| migration route from Europe to North America |
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| land mass connecting Northeast Asia and North America |
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| arrival by coast or watercraft along shoreline of western US |
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| phase of North American prehistory (13,500-13,000 ya in the west) during which short fluted projectile points were used in hunting mammoths |
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| discovered in 1996 in Washington, displayed central Asian morphology, physical remains show trauma |
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| Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act |
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| Native Americans can obtain authority IF (1) geographically relates to location of remains (2) remains are of an individual related to Native American population |
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| Americas, 10,000 BP-3,000 BP & first appearance of clay pottery |
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| comparable period in Europe |
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| comparable period in near East, eastern Mediterranean |
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| all parts of a culture are interrelated |
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| to understand a particular culture, you must understand how all of its components function in interaction with one another; the different parts of a particular cultural system are interdependent with one another |
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| cultural relativism perspective |
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| any particular behavior within a culture should be analyzed and understood by placing it in the context of a holistic view of that culture, its history, and multiple components |
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| adaptive perspective vs. ideational perspective |
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| cultures will adapt to environment |
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| internal factors will shape culture, environment places restrictions on what can and can't happen |
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| subfields of anthropology |
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| socio-cultural ("cultural"), linguistics, biological ("physical"), archaeology |
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| different layers of soil disprove creationism |
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| yearly growth rings in bertain tree species can be used to date sites if wood samples preserved in the archaeological record |
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| non probabilistic/judgmental sampling |
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| form of probabilistic sample; you choose where to look based on readily observed surface features or local knowledge of likely locations of historic or prehistoric remains |
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| How do we know that the Mayan empire collapsed? |
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| stopped building monuments |
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| What is the largest monument in North America? |
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| What is the largest monument in prehistoric America? |
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| Temple of the Sun, Teotihuancan |
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| not constant in atmosphere, impacted American Migration Debate |
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| the study of past cultures based upon their material remains |
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1. North Atlantic Ice Edge Corridor
2. Bering Land Bridge
3. Pacific Coastal Route
4. Pacific Ocean Voyage |
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| said there were no differences between races |
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| displayed central Asian morphology (physical remains show trauma) |
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| hunting weapons, possibly contributed to "mega-fauna" species extinctions circa 13,500 BP |
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| Paleolithic period (300,000-40,000)-(homo sapiens, neanderthals) |
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| late stone age (40,000-10,000)-(homo sapiens, hobbits) |
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| tool type used for cutting |
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| tribe or segmentary society |
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| sedentism with big population |
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| low resources-->pops to oasis |
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| low resources-->broadened staple diet; when people live in close contact, their staple diet is broadened |
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| city circa 3500 years ago, social stratification, sedentism, building mounds, astronomical alignments, prestiged goods. Did not have domestication. |
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| 8,000 years ago, domestication THEN sedentism |
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| small scale agriculture, grow your own plants as opposed to gathering them |
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| wide scale growth to feed large populations |
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| development of iron working, principle city of Xianyang |
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| sacrificial burials at An-yang bronze metal working accomplishments |
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| switches from hunter/gatherer to domestication, Mesopotamia, sophisticated kite technique |
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| first time we see social stratification, made art, long distance trade systems |
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| tells: mounds of clay where monuments once stood, simply built on top |
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| temple on top of Ziggurat, cuneiform writing, Warka vase and religious offerings |
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| centralized ziggurat, significance of royal cemetery and tombs (showed social stratification and huge power) |
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| What is the exception to the rule regarding the need for monumental architecture in civilizations? |
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| Harrapian in the Indus Valley |
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| didn't have a writing system, didn't move by animals |
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