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Definition
| forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes |
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Definition
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| a dictionary containing all morphemes and their meanings |
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| arrangement and order of words in sentences |
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| a sound contrast that makes difference or differentiates meaning |
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| the study of human speech sounds in general |
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| studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language |
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| studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language |
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| studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language |
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| Specialized set of terms and distinctions that are partiuclary, important to certain groups, vocab changes most rapidly, language, thought, culture interrelated, Ex: Hockey Players |
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Definition
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| speakers of partiuclar languages use sets of terms to organize their experiences and perceptions |
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Definition
| study of how speakers of particular languages use sets of terms to organize their experiences and perceptions |
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Definition
| investigates the realtionships between social and linguistic variation, or language in a social context, focuses on features that vary systemically with social position and situation, linguistic change does not occur in a vaccuum but in society |
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| varying speech in different contexts |
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| Regular shift styles between high and low variants of the same language, we rank certain speech patterns as better or worse, we recognize their use by groups that we also rank |
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Definition
| the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions (316)Linguistics pay attention to what is said and how it is said, culture shapes what is "natural," body posture conveys different meanings |
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| Men and Women have differences in phonology, grammar, and vocab. as well as in the body stances and movements that accompany speech. Women tend to adhere to standard speech patterns more than men. |
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Definition
| Race is real. It's not simple a simple fact of genetics on biology. While race is caused by social and political structures and historical contingency, it correlates with biology. Talking about race requires its biological and social/polticial/ historical aspects |
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| What is Race? An operational definition |
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Definition
| Socially/historically defined groups that rely, in part on folk notions of heredity and relatedness to govern membership. Almost ALWAYS hierarchical |
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| What is Race? Folk Notions of Heredity |
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Definition
| Populary Held ideas about family resemblance and birthright. Ex: the fates of hereos in popular stories and in film |
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| Challenges when talking abotu RACE |
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Definition
| Race is a poor model for human biological variation. explain why you do see differences between the races that have to do with biology in spite of this. |
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| race is a poor descriptor of human variation: historical perspective |
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Definition
| from 18th century on, race treated as unit of taxonomy . The expectation about the natural world is that variation could be lumped into categories corresponding to abstract essential types. Race explains 5-15% of the variation in human molecular genetic variation. Very poorly performing model. Races were set before there was data |
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Definition
| Local groups in Africa have more genetic variation than groups outside africa do. Classical notions about race cannot explain this. |
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Definition
| Patterened like genetic variation. differences among pre-defined groups are small. Are physical characteristics a good determinant? NOOOO. Population history explain cranial and genetic data. Genetic Drift and Gene Flow (Migration) |
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Definition
| Worst predictor of human variation! |
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Definition
| Less common in people of European descent. MArked as a disease. Racialization of biological characteristics |
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| Genotype by Environment Interaction |
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Definition
| Genes do not act outside of their environments. Different phenoypic outcomes of plants in different environments. Physical and behavioral characteristics can be affected by both genes and environment. Ex: Age at menarche is highly heritable but can change quite a bit through time. |
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Term
| Social Construction of Race |
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Definition
| Something that comes out of the way a society operates; a fact because it's organized by a society that believes it |
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Definition
| conferred by social structure, tradition, or birth |
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Definition
| Status that's negotiated betweeen individuals or groups and their surrounding society. |
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Definition
| a group assumed to have a biological basis |
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Definition
| discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
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Definition
| Race in Brazil is attuned to relatively slight phenotypic differences. Phenotype: any aspect of an organism that is not their primary genetic sequence. This can include...(p.345) |
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Term
| Hypodescent: Race in the U.S. |
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Definition
| One acquires one's racial identity at birth. Rule of Descent: assigns social identity on teh basis of ancestry. Hypodescent: automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different groups into a group of lower ascribed status than the member of the higher ascribed status |
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Definition
| a group whose members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their background |
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Definition
identification with, and feeling part of, a particular ethnic group and exclusion from
certain other groups because of this affiliation |
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Definition
| a society sharing a common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship |
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Term
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Definition
| a stratified society with a formal, centralized government |
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Definition
an autonomous political entity; a country
+Migration, slave trade, conquest, and colonialism led most nation-states not to be ethnically homogenous |
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Term
| Discrimination/Oppression: Policies and Practices |
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Definition
de facto:practiced but not legally sanctioned
de jure:part of the law
Structural:a consequence of the way that race, ethnicity, or other form of social
distinction is used in a society. People need not be consciously aware of what is going on |
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Term
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Definition
pre-judging (devaluing) of people in a group because of its assumed behavior, values,
capabilities, or attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like |
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Definition
Sex differences are largely the result of biology. (pg. 419)
-Gender results from cultural and social associations of male and female characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
After ~4-5 decades of life, human ovaries cease to have viable eggs.
-Human women and females in pilot whales and elephants continue to live for a long
time after ceasing to ovulate. |
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Term
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Definition
| tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes |
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Term
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Definition
oversimplified, strongly held ideas of characteristics of men and
women |
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Term
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Definition
unequal distribution of rewards between men and women
reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy |
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Term
| Gender Patterns (See Chart) |
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Definition
-In domestic activities, female labor dominates.
-In extradomestic activities, male labor dominates.
-Women are the primary caregivers, but men often play a role.
-Differences in male and female reproductive strategies:
+Men mate within and outside of marriage more often than women do.
+Double standards restrict women more than men and illustrate gender
stratification.
-Gender stratification is lower when men and women make roughly equal
contributions to subsistence. |
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Term
| The Domestic-Public Dichotomy |
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Definition
The strong differentiation between home
and the outside world is called the
domestic–public dichotomy,
or the private–public contrast.
• Activities of the domestic sphere
tend to be performed by women.
• Activities of the public sphere
tend to be restricted to men.
– Gender stratification is less
developed among foragers. |
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Term
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Definition
Domestic-public dichotomy has affected gender stratification in industrial societies.
-Gender roles are changing rapidly in North America.
-Gendered work, attitudes, and beliefs have varied in response to US economic needs.
+Attitudes about gendered work have varied with class and region.
+Woman’s role in the home is stressed during periods of high unemployment.
+Today’s jobs are not especially demanding in terms of physical labor. |
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Term
| The Feminization of Poverty |
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Definition
-An increasing representation of women and their children among America’s poorest
people.
-Globally, households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men. |
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Term
| Gender among Horticulturalists |
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Definition
-Reduced gender stratification-Matrilocal Societies
+A combination of male travel and a prominent female economic role reduced
gender stratification and promoted high female status.
-Igbo of eastern Nigeria.
-Increased gender stratification-Patrilineal/Patrilocal Societies
+Patrilineal-patrifocal complex: male supremacy is based on patrilineality,
patrilocality, and warfare
+Linked to pressure on resources
-Yanomamo in Brazil |
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Term
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Definition
Many societies recognize more than 2 gender categories
+Hijras (India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan)
+Fa’afafine (Samoa)
+Sworn Virgins (Albania)
+Two Spirit People (North America) |
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Term
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Definition
-A person’s habitual sexual attraction to, and sexual activities with:
+Persons of opposite sex (heterosexuality)
+Persons of same sex (homosexuality)
+Both sexes (bisexuality)
+Asexuality: indifference toward or lack of attraction to members of either sex |
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Term
| Sexual Orientation fixed and biologically based in the U.S.? |
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Definition
Culture always plays a role in molding individual sexual urges to a collective norm.
-Sex acts involving people of the same sex were absent, rare, or secret in only 37% of 76
societies studied by Ford and Beach. |
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Term
Various forms of same-sex sexual activity are considered normal and acceptable in some
societies. |
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Definition
-Sudanese Azande
-Etoro
-Ancient Greece |
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Term
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Definition
consists of a married couple and their children, normally living together
in the same household. |
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Term
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Definition
| the family in which one is born and grows up |
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Term
| Family of Procreation/Adoption |
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Definition
formed when one marries and has children
-In most societies, relations with nuclear family members take precedence
over relation with other kin. |
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Term
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Definition
The nuclear family is widespread, but no universal.
-In many societies, extended families are the primary unit of social organization.
+Muslims of Western Bosnia
+Nayars of Malabar Coase of India |
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Term
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Definition
individuals automatically join mother’s descent group when they
are born |
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Term
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Definition
individuals automatically join father’s descent group when they are
born |
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Term
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Definition
| descent rules uses only one line |
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Term
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Definition
| descent rule uses both maternal and paternal sides |
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Term
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Definition
| a unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent |
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Term
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Definition
| a descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but can’t demonstrate it |
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Term
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Definition
a married couple lives with the husband’s family; associated with
patrilineal descent and is more common than matrilocality |
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Term
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Definition
a married couple lives with the wife’s family; associated with matrilineal
descent and is less common than patrilocality |
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Term
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Definition
| children of your mother’s sister or your father’s brother |
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Term
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Definition
| children of your mother’s brother or your father’s sister |
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Term
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Definition
| mating with close genetic relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| the propensity to avoid something |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual behavior between relatives however defined (genetic or not) |
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Term
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Definition
| a prohibition against any activity |
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Term
| The Received view in the West: Freud |
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Definition
+Humans have an innate tendency to want to commit incest
+Taboo imposed upon people to repress this due to a recognition of the harmful
consequences |
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Term
| Genetic dangers of inbreeding |
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Definition
+Inbreeding leads to a higher change of being exposed to 2 copies of deleterious
recessive alleles
+This leads to inbreeding depression, a reduction in fitness |
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Term
| The alternative to Freud --> Westermark |
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Definition
| +”there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between persons living very closely together in early youth” |
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Term
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Definition
+Children raised collectively
+Girls and boys raised together
+Upon reaching adulthood, children raised together do not date, have sex, or marry |
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Term
| Critical Period for Aversion |
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Definition
+Critical period: a time in development where it is very easy to acquire a characteristic
+If not acquired during the critical period, it is hard to acquire later in life.
+The critical period for the Westermark effect is between about 1 and 4 years old. |
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Term
| Is aversion the basis of taboos? |
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Definition
+Perhaps it only has a very limited contribution.
+Why? Incest is variably defined across cultures, religions, and legal jurisdictions.
+Other possibilities: people recognize the effects of inbreeding and prohibit it above and beyond the aversion. |
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Term
| Cousin Marriage idealized in some societies |
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Definition
This example highlights the difficulty of separating out “human nature” from culture and other
kinds of learned behavior.
+Only through serendipitous natural experiments were scientists able to figure the problem out. |
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Term
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Definition
Christiantity then Islam are the biggest. -belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces (Wallace)+Reese: bodies of people who gather together regularly for worship
+Durkheim: religious effervescence
+Turner: community spirit (communitas)
+Religion is also associated with social divisions |
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Term
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Definition
-a set of supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
+May be imitative (as with voodoo dolls) or contagious (accomplished through
contact)
+We find magic in cultures with diverse religious beliefs. |
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Term
| Anxiety,COntrol, and SOlace |
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Definition
-Religion and magic don’t just explain things and help people accomplish goals.
+Serve emotional and cognitive needs.
+Bronislaw Malinowski: Magic is used to establish control, but religion “is born
out of…the real tragedies of human life.” |
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Term
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Definition
-Formal-stylized, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, based on a liturgical order
+Rituals convey information about participants and their culture
+Rituals are social acts |
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Term
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Definition
-a set of actions marking transitions between stages of life
+Separation: withdrawal from a group and moving from one place to another
+Incorporation: participant re-enters society with a new status, having completed the rite |
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Term
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Definition
a period during which participant has left on place but not yet
entered the next. a basic part of rites of passage, involves a temporary suspension and reversal
of social distinctions.
+Liminal features such phenomena as humility, poverty, equality, obedience, and
sexual abstinence; silence may be required from the sect or cult members. |
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Term
| Religion adn CUltural Ecology |
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Definition
-Sacred cattle in India
+Cattle play an important adaptive role in the Indian ecosystem.
+Cattle used for transportation, and manure. |
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Term
| Religions are culturally universal, but they vary: |
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Definition
+Wallace: 4 types of religion
1) Shamans: part-time magic/religious practitioner
2) Communal religions: based on community rituals
3) Olympian: state religions with professional priesthoods
4) Monotheism: worship of a single supreme being |
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Term
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Definition
belief in immanent supernatural domain or life force, potentially subject to human
manipulation
+Polynesian mana and related concept of taboo are related to the more hierarchical nature
of Polynesian society.
+Melanesian mana is defined as a sacred, impersonal force much like the Western concept of luck. |
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Term
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Definition
| rejection of modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life |
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Term
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Definition
antimodernist movements in various religions
+Assert an identity separate from that of the larger religious group
+Seek to rescue religion form absorption into the modern |
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Term
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Definition
-Formal, invariant, stereotyped, earner, repetitive behavior and rites of passage that take place in
nonreligious settings
+How do we classify ritual-like behavior that occurs in secular contexts?
+If a distinction between the supernatural and natural is not consistently made in a
society, how do we tell what is religion and what is not?
+Who is to say which is “more religious”? |
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Term
| European colonialism had 2 phases: |
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Definition
1) The Age of Discovery, 1492-1850
2) 1850 to just after the end of World War II |
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Term
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Definition
-British empire covered one-fifth of the world’s land surface and ruled one-fourth of its
population.
+Driven by need for economic expansion
+First phase concentrated in the New World, western Africa, and India
+Closed with the American Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
-French colonialism was driven by the state, church, and military rather than by business
interests
+First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused on Canada, Louisiana Territory
+Second phase focused on Africa and Indochina |
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Term
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Definition
| -World system and relations among the countries within it have been shaped by the capitalist world economy. |
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Term
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Definition
a world system committed to production for sale or exchange
with the object of maximizing profits |
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Term
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Definition
| wealth invested with the intent of producing profit |
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Term
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Definition
-Industrial Revolution: the historic transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of traditional into
modern societies through industrialization of their economies.
+European industrialization developed from a domestic system of manufacture |
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Term
| Industrial Stratification |
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Definition
| -Class consciousness: a recognition of collective interests and a personal identification with one’s economic group |
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Term
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Definition
| -the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others |
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Term
| St. Vincents Day in Spain |
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Definition
| Marketing Traditions for Tourism |
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Term
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Definition
analysis of the interactions between colonizings nations and the societies
they colonized
+Persistent effects of colonialism |
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Term
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Definition
| large numbers of colonists and sparser native populations |
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Term
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Definition
| large native populations and a small number of Europeans |
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Term
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Definition
| sizeable native and European population |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people sharing a religious/national/ethnic identity living in widely scattered places |
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Term
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Definition
-Destruction of indigenous economies, ecologies, and killing or depression of indigenous people
(original inhabitants of particular areas) |
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Term
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Definition
-Whole countries, along with the social groups and divisions within them, were colonial
inventions.
+Modern African political boundaries are largely and artifact of colonial |
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