Term
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Definition
Biological / Physical Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Archaeology
Linguistic Anthropology
Applied Anthropology |
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Term
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Definition
Societies occupy specific territories and share a common language
Culture is a set of learned behaviors and ideas that are characteristic of a particular social group |
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Term
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Definition
| judging another culture in terms of your own culture |
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Term
Biological / Physical Anthropology |
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Definition
paleoanthropology / human paleontology
primatology
human variation (physical features) |
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Term
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Definition
study of cultures
aka ethnology |
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Term
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Definition
careful excavations to find artifacts
(mostly bones and trash) |
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Term
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Definition
Historical Linguistics: similarities in languages
Structural linguistics: sentence structure
Sociolinguistics: Social habits & culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Meicine, business, government, law, and forensics |
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Definition
| viewing a society's customs and ideas within the context of that society's own problems and opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
direct: illegal
indirect: frowned upon |
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Term
| types of archaeological excavation |
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Definition
Vertical Excavation: Deep cross-section through multiple time periods (Culture change and chronology)
Horizontal Excavation: Broad areal exposure of a layer from a single time period (site function) |
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Term
| four components of archaeological sites |
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Definition
Artifacts
Ecofacts
Fossils
Features |
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Term
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Definition
| Any object created or modified by human action |
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Term
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Definition
| An unmodified natural item that humans have used or affected |
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Definition
| the hardened remains or impressions of plants and animals |
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Definition
| An immovable structure (layer, pit, etc.) from an archaeological site |
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Term
| Formation of archaeological sites |
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Definition
catastrophic destruction & burial (pompeii)
Destruction: raiding and warfare
Gradual planned abandonment
Conditions affecting preservation |
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Term
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Definition
| potential associations between objects in an archaeological site (where found, what found with, when deposited) |
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Term
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Definition
stratigraphy- time periods based on layers of rock in the ground
indicator artifacts |
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Term
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Definition
radiocarbon dating (Carbon-14 or C14 dating)
potassium-argon dating (K-Ar) |
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Term
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Definition
after death C-14 decays into N-14
half-life is 5730 years |
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Term
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Definition
Potassium (K) decays into Argon (Ar)
Half-life is 1.3 million years |
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Term
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Definition
1707-1778
created the classification system
-kingdom
-class
-order
-genus
-species
Framework for the idea of common ancestors |
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Term
| Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Alfred Russel Wallace 1823-1913 |
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Definition
| founders of theories of evolution and natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| -natural selection -mutation -gene flow -genetic drift |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Normalizing / Stabilizing Selection |
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Definition
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Term
Balancing Selection
aka Disruptive Selection |
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Definition
individuals with heterozygous alleles are favored
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
-a change in the DNA sequence
-only way new genetic material is introduced
-effects can be: positive, negative, or neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| -the movement of genetic material between populations -Decreases differences between populations -keeps speciation from occuring |
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Term
| Modern human physical variation |
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Definition
| Body build: climate/temp. (bergman's rule) Body Height/ limb length: climate/temp. (allen's rule) Skin color: Sunlight (Gloger's rule) |
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Term
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Definition
+adapted for arboreal living
-clavicles
-rotating forearms
+Grasping Hands
+Grasping feet (not humans)
+opposable thumbs
+forward facing eyes
+reduction in nose/ sense of smell
+increased parental investment
+increased sociality
+diurnal: awake during the day (most primates)
+Larger brain to body mass ratio |
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Term
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Definition
- Primates
- Prosimians
- Lemurs, Lorises, and Tarsiers
- Anthropoids
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Term
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Definition
| -Found primarily in Madagascar and Comoro Islands -Very diverse -Retain the most primitive primate traits |
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Term
New world monkeys
aka Platyrrhines |
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Definition
-Prehensile (grasping tails)
-sideward facing nostrils
-completely arboreal (tree living)
-central & south america |
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Term
Old World Monkeys
aka Catarrhines |
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Definition
-downward facing nostrils
-arboreal and terrestrial
-greater sexual dimorphism (dif. between m and f)
-Africa, Asia, and Europe |
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Term
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Definition
-chimps, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons
-no tail
-larger body size
-larger brain to body mass ratio
-knuckle walking (chimps and gorillas)
-large degree of sexual dimorphism |
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Term
Shift to bipedalism
(Physical characteristics) |
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Definition
-spine: changes from c to s shape
lumbar (lower back) vertebre increase in size
-skull: foramen magnum (spine/brain connector)moves under the skull
-pelvis: broader, shorter, and more bowl shaped
-Legs: femur angled inward
-foot: arch in foot
larger big toe (no longer grasping)
heel size increases
toes shorten |
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Term
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Definition
ENERGY EFFICIENT when walking
frees up arms
see over tall grasses
reach higher food
regulate body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
back pain
foot pain
difficulty giving birth |
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Term
| earliest possible hominids |
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Definition
Sahelanthropus tchadensis ~ 7mya (Chad)
Orrorin tugenensis ~ 5.8 - 6 mya (Kenya)
Ardipithecus ramidus ~ 5.8 - 6 mya (Ethiopia) |
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Term
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Definition
Gracile- smaller dentition
-lighter facial and dental musculature
Robust-thicker jaws
-larger molars and premolars
-large muscle attachments for chewing
-Sagittal crests |
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Term
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Definition
-2.3 - 1.4 mya
-Eastern & Southern Africa
-Physical features:
.brain size: 640 cc
.smaller molars
.flatter face
.long arms
-earliest stone tools
.Olduwan tool industry
.Hadar, Ethiopia ~ 2.5 mya |
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Term
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Definition
-1.9 - 1.8 mya in Africa
-first to leave Africa
-physical features of skull
.brain size: 1000 cc
.flatter face
.sagittal keel
.smaller teeth
.larger brow ridge
-physical features of body
.much taller than prev. hominids (5-6 ft)
.indistinguishable from modern humans from the neck down
Stone tools
Use of fire |
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Term
| Homo erectus stone tools: The Acheulean industry |
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Definition
-1.5 mya in africa asia and europe
-bifaces
-cleaver, hand axe, and flake tools |
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Term
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Definition
-Europe, Africa, Western Asia after 600 kya
-transitional between H. erectus and H. sapiens
-brain size : ~ 1300 cc
-smaller teeth and jaw than H. erectus
+split into neanderthals (europe) and modern humans (africa) |
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Term
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Definition
-250-228 kya europe & middle east
-cranium
.large noses
.large brow ridge
.brain size: 1550 cc (slightly larger than sapien's)
-body (colder climates)
.shorter, stockier stature
.barrel shaped chest
.shorter limbs
.larger areas for muscle attachments
.thicker limb bones
Burial of dead
mousterian tool industry
cared for elderly and injured |
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Term
| neanderthal tools: the Mousterian tool industry |
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Definition
-greater variety of tools
-use of smaller flake tools rather than larger core tools
-levallois method : preparing the tool shape before it is flaked from the core |
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Term
| Homo sapiens (modern humans) |
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Definition
-appear ~ 250-150 kya in africa
-cranium
.smaller row ridge
.chin
.flatter face
.brain size: 1450 cc
.vertical forhead |
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Term
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Definition
-blade tools
-bone tools
.needles
.fish hooks
.harpoons
-Atlatl and dart |
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Term
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Definition
+open from 40,000 - 11,000 years ago
+at its max at ~ 20,000 - 18,000 years ago
+probably multiple migrations that used diff. routes |
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Term
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Definition
~11-9 kya
-earliest paleoindian culture in North America
-used fluted spear points |
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Term
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Definition
-change in phys. characteristics of wild species (plant or animal) as a result of human manipulation
-earliest evidence of domestication: 10,000 years ago
-"neolithic" revolution |
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Term
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Definition
larger in size
larger seeds
higher yield |
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Term
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Definition
+changes in body size & horn shape and size
+Breed for: -temperment
-intelligence
+resources:
-meat(primary)
-wool
-milk
-eggs
-leather
-labor |
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