Term
| Three Postulates of Darwinian Evolution |
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Definition
1. Struggle for Existence - the ability of a population to expand is infinite, the environments capacity is finite.
2. Variation in Fitness - organisms in populations vary, some traits will prove more advantageous than others.
3. Inheritance of Variation - advantageous traits become more common in generations, disadvantageous traits disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when environmental factors change nucleotide so that it is misread during replication.
If occurs in gamete, then mutant allele may be transmitted to zygote and into population.
Source of new variation in population. |
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Definition
| Occurs when genotype is more successful in transmitting genes to future generations. |
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Definition
| shifts towards favourable trait. |
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Definition
| population splits into two new species |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant trait becomes exaggerated and other traits diminish |
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Term
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Definition
Various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small isolated populations
Tends to reduce variation in population. |
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Term
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Definition
Process by which genes pass through one population to that of another through reproduction.
Spreads genes through different populations of species. |
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Term
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Definition
Graduated changes in gene pool slowly accumulated over long periods of time. slowly species A changes into species B. Expected to see this in fossils from millions of years ago, however, there was more evidence towards punctuated equilibrium
Best used in evolution of Humans |
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Term
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Definition
| After long periods of little or no change an isolation event separates a small population of individuals. With a different gene pool or burst of mutations this isolated group rapidly evolves into a separate species. |
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Definition
Coined the term "Survival of the Fittest"
Claimed that struggle for existence improved society. |
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Definition
| Argued against social programs that might interfere with process of producing fit individuals |
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Term
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Definition
1809-1882
Natural Selectionis tha ability to aquire more resources and produce children
Applied Malthus' prinviple on populations to evolution
Understood that there is considerable physical variety.
Variation in beaks allowed separate species to evolve and take advantage of different environemental niches. |
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Term
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Definition
1791-1875
Earth is extremely old
Falling land masses explain Earth's geology rather than changing sea levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Uniformitarian processes take a long time to operate and therefore Earth must be millions of years old. |
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Term
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Definition
1769-1832
Theory of Catastrophism
Natural disasters change Earth's populations demonstrated that species can go extinct.
discovery of hippo and crocodile remains that Cuvier decided must have been left when a natural disaster destroyed the population in France. |
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Term
| Georges-Louis Leclerc (Compte de Buffon) |
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Definition
1707-1788
Believed that the Earth was 75,000 years old.
Denied Noah's Flood happened
Observed that some animals retain parts that are vestigal and no longer useful suggesting evolution. |
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Term
| Carolus Linnaeus (Karl von Linne) |
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Definition
1707-1788
First comprehensive classification system for living things.
Each plant and animal named separate species basis of physical resemblances.
Scala Naturae belived in divinity of man but grouped them with apes. |
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Term
| Factors Inhibiting Acceptance of Natural Selection/Evolution |
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Definition
Lack of Scientific Method - many ideas and concepts were based on singular observations or fanciful accounts of travellers. Nothing was verified or scrutinized on its validity. Modern scientific approach produce and test hypotheses empirically.
Age of Earth - in 1650 the Earth was believed to have been created one afternoon on Oct. 23 4004 BC. Accepted by Church
Separate creation for Humans and Animals - religious doctrine that God created humans separate from animals, made in gods image and more divine than animals.
Fixity of Species - in the 8th century scientists held the belief that everything was created in its original form and was unalterable. |
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Term
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Definition
Small primates 100-125 g in Southeast Asia
Mixture of primitive (multiple nipples) and derived (postorbital plate) and unique (fused tibia and fibua) features.
Nocturnal
Insect and small animal eaters
Skilled in vertical clinging and leaping
Mix between strepsirhines and haplorhines |
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Term
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Definition
Gibbons and Siamangs
Most primitive of apes in anatomy - retain many monkey-like features
Ape-like limb proportions
Spectacular brachiators
fruit-eaters, also leaves and insects
5-7 kg
little sexual dimorphism or dominance |
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Term
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Definition
Three living genera of great apes:
Orangutans (Pongo)
Chimpanzees (Pan)
Gorillas (Gorilla) |
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Term
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Definition
Pongo
Clear sexual dimorphism
males weigh up to 90 kg
large cheek pads throat pouches, beards, and long hair
solitary lives possibly lack of food resources
may live in groups for fear of predation |
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Term
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Definition
Lowland areas of Western equatorial Africa - Congo, Uganda, and Rwanda
fruit-eaters, stem, shoot, roots, etc.
largest apes
250 kg males 113 kg females
knuckle-walking
well-suited for climbing
dominant male group |
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Term
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Definition
Pan
Sierra Leones to Tanzania
primarily fruit-eaters
good climbers
sexual dimorphism
45 kg
observed hunting animals
social organization is unclear appears they come together and drift apart |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 1 female live in range with 1 male that overlaps many females |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 males and 1 females with offspring that disperse at maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 1 females but only 1 breeds - more males and offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 male and more than 1 females and offspring. Females stay in groups males are transient |
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Term
| Classifying Social Organization of Primates |
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Definition
Mating Type - how many mates does each male and female general have at one time
Residence Group Composition - how many adult males, and females tolerate each others presence in a foraging group.
Foraging Group Coherence - do the same animals always forage together
Philopatry Type - do males, females or both disperse from where they were born |
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Term
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Definition
| females stay in group, males transient |
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Term
| Endangered Species Classification |
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Definition
Lower Risk - low chance of extinction in 100 years
Rare - small world population considered at risk
Vulnerable - 10% chance in 100 years
Threatened - likely to be endangered in future
Endangered - 20% chance in 20 years or 5 generations
Critically Endangered - 50% chance in 10 years or 3 generations. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| active any time of day or night |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| invertebrae and vertebrae diet |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Likely that primates evolved at late Paleocene ~ 55 million years ago
Plesiadapiformes
tiny shrew-sized to small dog
likely solitary, nocturnal quadrupeds
well developed sense of smell
used to be classified as primates because of primate-like teeth and limbs that are adapted to arboreal lifestyle
Not primates because:
no postorbital bar, have claws instead of finger nails, eyes on side of head and enlarged incisors. |
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Term
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Definition
relatively large brain
eye orbits face more foreward and ringed with bone
"split" upper lip and moist rhinarium suggest good sense of smell
reduced muzzle
small and unspecialized teeth
molar teeth broader and squarer produces large chewing surface. |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved in Eocene
100 - 6900 g
most primitive of true primates
diurnal and nocturnal
mainly arboreal
small ate fruit and insects
large ate leafs
Led to Lemurs? |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved in Eovene
30 - 2200 g
nocturnal and diurnal
specialized leapers
mostly ate insects and fruits some leaf-eaters
Led to Tarsiers? |
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Term
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Definition
Snout: elongated
tooth row: parallel
Canines: large with sexual dimorphism
Postorbital: absent
Nails: present
Tibia Fibula: unfused
Tarsa bones: not elongated
diet: insexts, fruits, leaves |
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Term
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Definition
Snout: short
Tooth Row: V-shaped
Canines: small with no sexual dimorphism
Postorbital: absent
Nails: present
Tibia Fibula: fused
Tarsa bones: elongated
diet: insects |
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Term
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Definition
evolved in Oligocene
fused frontal bones
full postorbital plate
fused mandibular symphysis
Monkeys and Apes
appear to have rafted over from Africa |
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Term
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Definition
evolved in Oligocene Fayyum region
ape-like - New World Monkeys
bony partition behind eye socket
broad incisors, projecting canines
relatively small brains
under 1.3 kg
diurnal
fruits and seeds
Dolichocebus and Apidium |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved in Oligocene Fayum region
monkey-like Old World Monkeys and Hominoids
projecting canines
bony partition behind eye socket
Aegyptopithecus |
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Term
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Definition
Propliopithecid - Oligocene
quadrupedally
6 kg
long muzzle
small brain
considerable sexual dimorphism
teeth and jaws apelike but size like howler monkey |
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Term
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Definition
23.3 - 16.3 million years ago
monkeys and apes confined to Africa
Proconsul
much bigger than Oligocene anthropoids
lacked tail
primarily arboreal
may or may not have been ancestral to later apes and humans
combination of monkey and ape features |
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Term
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Definition
16.3 - 7 million years ago
ape-like Catarrhines
Kenyapithecus
none appear to have link with earliest hominids
widespread and diverse in Europe and Asia |
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Term
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Definition
Many of Proconsuls features
molars resemble modern hominoids
more terrestrial
thick enameled teeth and robust jaws
teeth are modern but limbs do not show brachiation characteristic of later apes |
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Term
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Definition
7 - 5.2 million years ago
apes rarer as woodlands replaced by drier more open habitats
Dryopithecus
Sivapithecus
Oreopithecus
Orrorin tugensis
Sahelanthropus |
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Term
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Definition
8 million years ago
adapted to life in forested marshlands
apelike body monkeylike head
because of suspensory locomotion other and other apelike features it is considered a specialized ape |
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Term
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Definition
thickly enameled teeth
remarkably similar facial features to modern orangutans
diet of hard items
related to Gigantopithecus |
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Term
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Definition
thin tooth enamel
lighter jaws
palette, jaw, and midface resemble African apes
very short face and small brow ridges
mostly arboreal |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
Chad, Africa
7 - 6 million years ago
Chad once covered by ancient lake
distance from East Africa show earliest members more widely distributed than through
unique mix on hominid and hominoid traits
divergences between human and chimpanzee lineages earlier than indicated by most molecular studies |
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Term
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Definition
Tugen Hills, Kenya
6.2 - 5.6 million years ago
may be oldest hominid discovered
small teeth retain thick enamel similar to australopitheciens and Homo
postcrania evidence of bipedal locomotion but not obligate bipedalism
may be first bipedal hominid. |
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Term
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Definition
Aramis and Middle Awash Ethiopia
4.4 million years ago
mostly or intermittently bipedal - location of foramen magnum indicates head was carried directly over spine
important discovery because:
woodland setting rather than savanna
adaptice trend emphasizing powerful mastication |
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Term
| Australopithecus anamensis |
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Definition
Turkana region Kenya
4.1 - 3.9 million years ago
poses mix of primitive and advanced traits
probably walked upright
teeth covered with enamel thicker than ramidus, diet hard to chew
in size and shape teeth were primitive compared to later hominids. |
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Term
| Australopithecus africanus |
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Definition
East Africa
3.9 - 3 million years ago
rounded brain case, moderate brow ridges
pelvis and leg bones resemble modern humans
sexual dimorphism in body size
adept at tree climbing based on curvature of fingers and toes
cranium averages 430 cc
has canines and prognathic face |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
Laetoli Tanzania
3.6 million years ago
Gracile family
footprints in ash, big toes diverged from rest of foot unlike chimpanzees
Lucy complete skeleton indicates bipedal but probably spent some time in trees
lived in semi-arid upland savanna with rainy and dry seasons
large canines
sagittal crest |
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Term
| Australopithecus bahrelghazali |
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Definition
Chad, Africa
3.5 - 3 million years ago
furthest west australopithecine material
known only from lower jaw, isolated upper premolar and a maxilla
little support among researchers due to sample size |
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Term
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Definition
Kenya
3.5 - 3.2 million years ago
mixture of advanced and primitive features
flat human-like face appeared early in evolution alongside range of other facial forms, not outcome of linear progressive evolution |
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Term
| Australopithecus africanus |
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Definition
South Africa
3.5 - 2.5 million years ago
Gracile family
globular cranium and slightly higher ratio of brain size to body size than Australopithecus afarensis
teeth and face appear less primitive
2 species or one very sexually dimorphic
proportion of arm length more apelike |
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Term
| Australipithecus aethiopicus |
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Definition
East Africa
2.7 - 2.3 million years ago
Robust family
widely flaring zygomatic arches (bones that join cheeks to eyes)
prominent sagittal crest - largest ever discovered in human lineage
adaptation for heavy chewing
410 cc prognathic face
black skull exhibits features more like afarensis |
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Term
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Definition
East Africa
2.2 - 1.2 million years ago
Robust family
absolutely largest teeth
extremely broad, short face
relatively small brain
pronounced sagittal crest and nuchal crests in large males
skull and dental features adaptation for heavy chewing |
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Term
| Australopithecus robustus |
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Definition
South Africa
2 - 1 million years ago
Robust family
short, broad face
larger individuals have sagittal and nuchal crests
very large cheeck teeth and thick enamel
foot bones indicate bipedalism
lived in seconary grasslands near rivers and wetlands |
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Term
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Definition
Ethopia
2.5 million years ago
postcanine dentition is at or beyond non-robust australopithecines
cranial capacity 450 cc
controversial species designation |
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Term
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Definition
East Africa
2.4-1.6 million years ago
Three traits:
1. extended cranial capacity 590 - 710 cc
2. reduced postcanine tooth size
3. presence of precision grip provides anatomical basis for tool making
may represent two species of Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis
may have been partially arboreal
may also have been sexually dimorphic |
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Term
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Definition
East Africa
2.2 - 1.8 million years ago
a slight supraorbital torus (brow ridge) much longer face; maxilla is squared off and more megadont postcanines
very controversial
larger and thicker enamel teeth than habilis
flatter and broader face mreo modern like limb proportions |
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Term
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Definition
Africa 1.8- 1.5 million years ago
China 500 - 200 thousand years ago
Southeast Asia 1.8 mya - 50 kya
long skull with thick cranial walls
large prominent brow ridge with sulcus
1000 cc
dentition identical to modern humans, cheeck teeth larger
Early African specimens Homo ergaster |
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Term
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Definition
Middle to Late Pleistocene 780 - 130 thousand years ago
mixture of erectus and modern traits
Homo antecessor 800 thousand years ago in Spain
Homo heidelbergensis 600 - 125 thousand years ago in Africa, Asia, and Europe
increased brain size 1283 cc
taller leaner bodies
gradual reduction in cranial and postcranial robusticity |
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Term
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Definition
Europe and West Asia
200 - 30 thousand years ago
brain size 1600 cc
extremely muscular by modern standards
double arched browridges, broad noses
700 thousand years ago genetic separation
Qafzeh Caves Israel - Neanderthals arrived after Homo sapiens in region indicating a period of co-existence
buried people in graves with offerings |
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Term
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Definition
95 - 13 thousand years ago
only about 1 m in height
long arms, but bipedal
small brain 417 cc
human-like teeth, receeding forehead, no chin
may be Homo sapiens with microencephaly |
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Term
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Definition
130 thousand years ago
Qafseh and Skhul, Israel 90 kya
Klasies River Mouth, South Africa 74-134 kya
Omo-Kibish Ethiopia 130 kya
more robust than modern humans
small face, teeth and jaws small, cranial bones reduced, weak or absent browridges, distinct chin, cranial capacity 1330 cc
mandible reduced |
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Term
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Definition
Homo erectus evolves in Africa and leaves
spreads through Middle East and Asia
evolves independently into Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
modern humans evolve in Africa from Homo ergaster 120 kya
leave Africa 100 kya and spread into Asia 90 kya, and Central Europe 40 kya
200 kya divergence from common ancestor of all modern populations = too young for multiregional hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
Modern humans evolved in parallel from earlier populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia
some genetic intermixing among regions
anatomical structures result of regional Homo erectus
Chinese - flat faces, prominent cheek bones
Japanese - robust cheekbones, prominent faces
Neanderthals ancestors of modern Europeans
Africa has greatest diversity of genetic material suggesting longer human history |
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Term
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Definition
| items discarded at location of use |
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Term
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Definition
| items discarded away from location of use |
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Term
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Definition
| result of site abandonment |
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Term
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Definition
Culture History
Provenience = layers and levels |
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Term
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Definition
reconstructing past life-ways
Provenience = excavation units (1 X 1, 2 X 2) |
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Term
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Definition
Relative Dating Method
= Law of Superposition |
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Term
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Definition
Relative Dating Method
= layers that contain similar kinds of artifacts are likely to be of the same age
i.e. Law of Association |
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Term
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Definition
Relative Dating Method
= an ordering of things based on stylistic similarities and differences |
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Term
| Lower Paleolithic / Old Stone Age |
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Definition
First evidence for stone tool use 2.5 mya - 150 kya
Gona, Hadar region Ethiopia 2.5 million years ago
who made the tools here? maybe Homo habilis or Australopithecines |
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Term
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Definition
2.5 - 1.5 million BP
known mainly from East Africa
first identified at Olduvai Gorge Bed 1 by Mary Leaky, now known from 2 million years BP at Gona by others
also at Koobi Fora and East Turkana
crude but efficient no standardized design
evidence of change through time
two theories of use hunting vs scavenging |
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Term
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Definition
early Homo regularly scavenged rarely hunted and was occasionally preyed upon by carnivores
evidence = Oldowan tools multi-purpose but not well suited for hunting
taphonomic - tool but marks often overlay carnivore tooth marks
Swartkrans - canine puncture marks on hominid skulls |
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Term
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Definition
Swartkrans, FLK22 Olduvai - once though to be home bases where hunters brought back food
DK, Olduvai - semi-circular stone ring once thought ot be hut or wind-break (produced by water transport)
We now belived early Homo was mobile, home bases were scavenging sites |
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Term
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Definition
1.8 million years ago
key developments - first hunterers and experiences geographical range into colder climates
human? we think so by 500 kBP
hunted big game
sophisticated tool industry - many types and design
home bases - built houses assume provisioning
controlled use of fire - could survive winters |
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Term
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Definition
Olorgesaille, Kenya
250 kya
handaxes some raw material carried in, baboon remains with tool cut marks but no carnivore teeth marks
Kilombe, Kenya
handaxes at 700 kya
Kalamba Falls, Tanzania
preservation of plant remains (nut shells, seeds, fruits) but no animal bones (site specialization?) |
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Term
| Homo erectus - Western Europe |
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Definition
Boxgrove, England
500 kya
big game hunters, wooden spears, handaxes
Shoningen, Germany
400 kya
more spears
Terra Amata France
300 kya
oval-shaped dwellings 9X5 m post moulds, stone alignments floors with hearths |
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Term
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Definition
Zhoukoutien, China
400 kya
controlled use of fire, allowed settlement in cold climate areas
Homo erectus in East Asia used flake and chopper tools but no handaxes |
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Term
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Definition
Technology of Homo erectus
Acheulian Industry = handaxes, cleavers, scrapers, chisels, awes - first tool kit
handaxes consistend in form "mental template"
How successful? widespread throughout Africa, W. Europe, Central and S. Asia
1.5 mya - 150 kya with little change |
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Term
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Definition
Prepared Core Technology
produces ready-to-use flake tools
very sophisticated, difficult to execute
Found in Europe, Near East, Africa
transition between Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens 150 kBP
considered mark of arrival of Homo sapiens |
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Term
| Middle Paleolithic / Middle Stone Age |
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Definition
Transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens between 500 - 150 kBp
Acheulian indsutry disappears 150 kBP
150 - 35 kBP world-wide climatic cooling and glacial advance
(Wurm) |
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Term
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Definition
Klasies River mouth in South Africa : MSA artifacts stone flake tools associated with archaic Homo sapiens but not Neanderthals 120 - 60 kBP
MSA deposits at Klasies stratigraphically below LSA deposits: microliths, blade tools, and fully modern Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
Anatomical variation found in MP technology
Tabun, Kebra Israel = cave sites with Neanderthal fossils and stone tools typical of MP 60 - 45 k BP
Qafzeh Cave, Israel = MP stone tools with bones of modern Homo sapiens 90 k BP |
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Term
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Definition
Mousterian: stone tool associated with Neanderthals in Europe and Near East
most tools made on flakes
63 "types" - spear points, hide scrapers, donticulates, burins
task-specific tool kits suggestive of formalized seasonal round settlement pattern |
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Term
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Definition
skilled hunters often in co-ordinated groups
hunted big game Pleistocene animals
most sites have faunal remains of many species - generalized not specialized hunting |
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Term
| Neanderthal - social life |
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Definition
Did Neanderthals live in hunting bands?
La Chapelle aux Saints, France
Shanidar Cave, Iraq
evidence of food-sharing, aged individuals with severe osteoarthritis
(provisioning, altruism) |
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Term
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Definition
Not all MP sites contain 63 tool types
F. Bordes identified 4 distinct assemblages recurring in stratigraphic layers at Combe
Grenal - 4 Neanderthal cultures
L. Binford - functional interpretation of distinct tool kits |
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Term
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Definition
La Ferrassie, France = cave site with "burials" in shallow graves
Shanidar - "flower girl"
Teshik Tash, Russia - "goat boy" |
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Term
| End of Middle Paleolithic |
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Definition
Neanderthals faced rapid extinction in Europe beginning 40 k BP
"out competed" by modern Homo sapiens who spread into Europe from Near East |
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Term
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Definition
Sites distributed from West Europe to Kamchatka, Africa (LSA)
Accelerating pace of cultural change
Aurignacian 34-29 kBP
Gravettian 29-22 kBP
Salutrean 22-18 kBP
Magdelenain 18-11 kBP |
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Term
| Technology of Upper Paleolithic |
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Definition
Blade tools hallmark of UP
efficient use of stone cores
highly skilled but still no pottery
bone and antler tools by Magdelenain |
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Term
| Upper Paleolithic Economy |
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Definition
specialized big-game hunters, often focussing on one species
Le Roc Solutre, France 100 thousand horses by number of individual specimens
Predmost Czech - 900 mammoth bones |
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Term
| Settlement Patterns of Upper Paleolithic |
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Definition
different types of sties, well-defined complex, seasonal round
high population density in West Europe
Territoriality - group hunting territories
sedentism - Mexhirich Russia Mammoth bone huts 2-3 m diameter |
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Term
| Art of the Upper Paleolithic |
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Definition
Wester Europe - Lascaux
France - Lazaret
= cave paintings
Mobilary art = Venus figurines, Wilendorf Austria, Dalni Vestonice, Czech
lion-headed man, Stadel Cave, Germany
Stylistic markers of territory? |
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Term
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Definition
climate change = end of Pleistocene 12 kBP
big-game extinctions
major changes in availability of plants and animals
response = Mesolithic 12-8 KBP
the Broad Spectrum Revolution = trend away from specialization |
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Term
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Definition
Microliths
in S.W. Asia with sickle polish
ground stone tools - mortars, pestles
mainly associated with plant processing
wide variety of stone tool types related to diverse hunting and gathering activities
long term storage
long distance trade
increase population lead to villages and complex social organizations |
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Term
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Definition
Ertebolle: late Scandinavian Mesolithic culture 7-5kBP
developed maritime adaptations -water fowl, shellfish
permanent coastal villages
marine technology - nets, fish hooks, harpoons, dug-out canoes |
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Term
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Definition
Eastern Mediterranean - the Levant
12-8.5 kBP
hunted gazelle also wild goats and cattle
gathered wild pistachios, lentils, grasses
many resources later domesticated
set stage fro Neolithic Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
Tell Mureybit, Syria - large site many mud-brick structures, permanent village
Ain Mallaha, Israel - large village 200+ burials differential grave offerings = social inequality
Jericho, Israel - lower strata contain shells, obsidian, salt = long distance trade |
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Term
| Peopling of the New World |
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Definition
by 30,000 BP humans in East Asia at edge of New World
D'uktai Culture, Siberia = dated 18 kBP, microblade technology may be ancestral to earliest New World cultures
this measn that late UP people probably entered in far north where Bering Strait exists today |
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Term
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Definition
Regions includes N.E. Asia, Bering Strait and N.W. America (Alaska)
Late Pleistocene Beingia = cold periods led to ice advance 75-45kBP and 20-14kBP
ice advances led to lowered sea levels Beringia a solid land mass |
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Term
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Definition
Alaska/Yukon cold but unglaciated
most of Canada covered by ice
Cordilleran in West, Laurentide in East until at least 10kBP
Two Possible Routes:
1. Ice Free Corridor
2. Pacific Coastal Route |
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Term
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Definition
New World equivalent to UP cultures
first cultures to move South of ice
Clovis culture = 11.5 - 11kBP
mammoth hunters. fluted spear points
Folson culture = 11-10kBP
bison hunters
Clovis and Folsom terrestrial hunters assumes Ice Free Corridor Route |
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Term
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Definition
Meadowcroft rock shelter = oldest C14 dates 19 kBP, but modern flaura and fauna, possible charcoal contamination from natural coal deposits
Monte Verde Chile
camp site accepted by most to be 12.5 kBP
coastal-routed? trans-pacific route? |
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Term
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Definition
New Stone Age
especially relevant to Near East, Europe, also S.Asia, S.E.Asia and Africa
12-5 kBP
marked by transition from hunting and gathering to farming
regular use of pottery ground stone tools
no metallurgy |
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Term
| Near East - Abu Hureyra, Syria |
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Definition
12.5-12 kBP Natufian settlement
300-400 people gathered wild einkorn, rye, hunted gazelles
cultivated and domestication of rye, einkorn, and lentils began 12kBP as climate became more arid
site abandoned for 500 years |
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Term
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Definition
New village 11 kBP larger
grain and lentil farming and rapid shift from gazelle hunting to herding domesticated sheep and goats
village agglomerated mud-brick houses
162 burials
women reveal arthritic knees, toes - kneeling to grind grains? |
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Term
| Mesopotamia and Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
Ali Kosh S.E. Iraw - slow but steady transition from hunting and gathering to farming, beginning 9.4 kBP
sheep and goats enmer and barley
9kBP = domesticates 10%
8kBP = domesticates 50% |
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Term
| Anatolia and Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
Catal Huyuk central Turkey
large village occupied 9-7.4 kBP
growth based on control and regional trade of obsidian
spectacular specialized craft production and ritual many shrines, cattle cult, goddess
7.4 kBP abruptly abandoned |
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Term
| China and Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
Pengtoushan, S. China middle Yangzi River
9 kBP large early Neolithic village with rice cultivation
Yangshao culture N.E. China best known early Chinese farming culture 7-5kBP
flood plain farming of foxtail millet, domesticated pigs, well-made pottery |
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Term
| S.E. Asia and Japan during Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
S.E. Asia early domesticates: taro, yams, millet; rice from China 6kBP?
Spirit Cave Thailand possible domesticates by 11.5kBP (Gourds, water chestnut, peppers)
Jomon culture, Japan - earliest pottery 12.5 kBP mainly hunterer-gatherers but possible root crop after 10kBP |
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Term
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Definition
Western Melanasia settled by 40kBP
Islands of East Melanasia and West Polynesia (Fiji, Tonga) settled much later 3.6-3kBP by Lapita culture - involved open ocean voyaging
Long distance voyaging - Easter Island (500 AD), Hawaii (600 AD) |
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Term
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Definition
8 kBP grains introduced to lower Egypt from Near East during prolonged dry period
Cattle domesticated may have begun by 8kBP along southern Sahara
Hunters became herders first by controlling migrations then by selective breeding |
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Term
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Definition
Domesticated grains, animals, probably introduced into Southeast Europe from Near East by 8kBp
2k year long lag behind Near East domesticates
Franchthi, Greece - cave with domesticated sheep and goats 8kBP
Grotta dell'Uzzo, Sicily - wheat, barley, lentils 7.8kBP |
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Term
| Central Europe - Neolithic |
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Definition
Bandkeramik culture middle Danube by 7kBP co-existing with South European Mesolithic groups
small hamlets, small farming territories
Famous for multi-family longhouses and for Linearbandkeramik pottery |
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Term
| Mesoamerica - Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
Tehuacan Valley, Central Mexico
squash domesticated by 9kBP, maize by 7kBP, beans by 7-6kBP, = "The Three Sisters"
villages do not appear until 5kBP
2-3 thousand years later
mixed foraging and farming persisted for thousands of years |
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Term
| Andean South America - Neolithic Revolution |
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Definition
5 food domesticates = Llama, alpaca, guinea pigs, potato, quinoa
Quinoa 5.4-5kBP
Corrals with animal dung 4kBP
Cotton also domesticated 5kBP
Earliest villages on coast, Paloma 7.5kBP based on marine hunting and gathering |
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Term
North America South West
Spread of Agriculture |
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Definition
Maize introduced 4-3.5kBP later beans, squash
Early maize Chapalote hardy, low-yielding popcorn did not replace hunting diet
Cross-breeding produced Maiz de Ocho 2.5kBP
Addition of beans, squash lef to farming-based subsistence. |
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Term
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Definition
"Three Sisters Farming" lef to village in Southwest Anasazi 1-1450 AD of Colorado Plateau
Early Anasazi lived in pithouse villages
Later Anasazi after 800 AD lived in above-ground peublos
Included Mesa Verde "cliff dwellers" and Chaco Canyon complex society |
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Term
| Eastern North America - Spread of Agriculture |
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Definition
Late archaic people began cultivating plants by 3.5kBP
Maize introduced from plains by 1 AD
Maiz de Ocho by 800 AD
Beans by 1000 AD |
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Term
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Definition
Middle Woodland Culture 2.2-1.6kBP
centered in South Ohio, Illinois
Economy based on hunting and gathering and local cultigens
Huge trade network
Famous for mounds, earthworks, and artstyle |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed catastrophic climatic change, environment dessication at end of Pleistocene in Near East
Livable areas shrunk to oases in which humans "naturally" domesticated plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Climate change not so bad; increasing familiarity with new species led to domestication in areas of abundance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Population in nuclear zones spilled over into marginal zones, where people domesticated plants and animals to increase their food supplies |
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Term
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Definition
Mesolithic population growth and villages led hunter-gatherer local groups to form alliances
"social cost" of alliances promoted domestication |
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Term
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Definition
Complex chiefdoms 1000-1600 AD
Based on intensive maize/bean flood plain farming and hunting and gathering
Ideology linked to religious cults
Hereditary chiefs as warrior/priests |
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Term
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Definition
Powerful Mississippian Chiefdom 1000-1250 AD
Huge mound and plaza complex
Surrounded by residential neighbourhoods
Population estimate 16k
Elite residence topped many mounds
Monks Mound largest feature in North America +600m3 earth 370k workdays to complete |
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Term
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Definition
Burial mound exemplifies disparities in wealth and power
Burial of adult male with 20k shell beads, 800 arrow heads, copper and mica sheets, 4 males decapitated, hands cut off, 50 young adult women strangled |
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Term
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Definition
Varna, Bulgaria = cemetary with graves containing gold and copper ornaments
oldest major gold assemblage 6.6-6.2kBP
copper mined in Balkans, traded long distances among East European elites
Metallurgy may have developed for social reasons - display of wealth by chiefs |
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Term
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Definition
latter two stages of Thomsen's Three Age system for relative dating of European prehistory
Bronze Age - 4-2.5kBP characterized by bronze metallurgy, chiefdoms, long-distance trade, religious cults (stonehenge) and votive hoards
Iron Age - 3-2kBP warrior chiefdoms subdued by Roman conquests |
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Term
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Definition
Bantu-speaking Shona Chiefdom
950-1450 AD cattle herders, farmers
Gained wealth and power as middle-men in gold and ivory trade between southern African interior and coast
Rulers raised armies, extracted tribute from surrounding chiefdoms
Early state? |
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Term
| Characteristics of Civilization |
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Definition
1. Urbanization
2. Centralized economies based on tribute and taxation
3. Writing systems
4. 3-tier settlement hierarchy
5. full-time craft specialization
6. All-embracing state religion |
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Term
| Theories of Urban Revolution |
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Definition
Population pressure = unconstrained human population growth led to need for permanent leadership (resource managers)
Irrigation = "hydraulic civilizations" support higher population densities, labour intensive irrigation systems controlled and maintained by the state.
Warfare = fighting over land as population grows state evolves from military build-up
Power Struggle = three sources of power: economic, ideological, political. State formation results from competition among chiefs to harness three sources of power and expand their domain. |
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Term
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Definition
Southern Mesopotamia (Sumer), early farming villages by 7.4kBp
Ubaid period
Eridu = Ubaid town with temple complex 6.7kBP
Sumerian farming required irrigation temple co-ordinated construction
Uruk first city 5.5kBP 10k people 4.7kBP 50K people |
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Term
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Definition
Uruk was first but not only city
Dominated by huge temple, housing administrators, craft-specialists
Clay tablet writing, later cuneiform - early record keeping
Sumerian civilization based on long distance trade, permitted by agricultural surplus |
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Term
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Definition
2900-2371 BC Mesopotamia
Organized under competing city-states 2371 BC brought under rule by Sargon of Akkad
Series of 5 Akkadian kings had hegemony over Mesopotamia, established trade with Arabia, Anatolia, Indus Valley |
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Term
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Definition
Predynastic Egypt (before 5.1kBP) small competing chiefdoms in Lower and Upper Egypt
Unification achieved at Herakonpolis ny Narmer in 3100 BC - first nation-state
State divided into districts ruled by nobility who supported the Pharoah
Chronology
Archaic Egypt = 3100-2575 BC
early hieroglyphs, first pharaoh
Old Kingdom = 2572-2180 BC
capital at Memphis, time of the Pyramids
Middle Kingdom = 2180-1640 BC
capital at Thebes, practice of mummification
New Kingdom = 1530-1070 BC
Karnak, Luxor, Valley of the Kings |
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Term
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Definition
Flourished 2400-1800 BC Pakistan
Organized around 3 main cities: Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Ganwejwala
Thought to be unified state because of cultural uniformity over large area
All cities and towns laid out according to same plan
famous for sewage system and Great Bath |
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Term
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Definition
Fortified city population 25k
Formalized town planning
Two parts of city = citadel, lower town
All public buildings in citadel - Great Bath, Granary, College, Assembly Hall
Lower town carefully laid out craft neighbourhoods |
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Term
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Definition
Evidence of Caste:
1. Emphasis on bathing (purification)
2. Formal layout of cities - occupational groups separate
3. Absence of accumulated wealth - important to class but not to caste |
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Term
| Southeast Asia - Angkor Wat |
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Definition
Angkor state unified much of Southeast Asia 802-1430 AD, under Khmer Kings
Angkor Wat built 1113-1117 AD as shrine to god Vishnu
Largest building on earth - built as representation of Hindu universe - home of Khmer god-king |
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Term
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Definition
Shang dynasty North China 1766-1122 BC
emerged as a result of warfare, conquest of neighbouring chiefdoms
Importance of warfare seen in hang tu (rammed earth fortifications)
Ancestor worship, oracle bones, divination, famous for bronzes, royal tombs |
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Term
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Definition
Minoan Crete 2000-1450 BC
no cities or temples, "Palace-states"
state formation fueled by long distance trade
Mycanean Greece 1600-1150 BC
Also based on trade
famous for gold work and writing (Linear A and B) |
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Term
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Definition
Olmec 1200-400 BC Southern Gulf Coast Lowlands
Oldest New World civilization
Theocracy, ceremonial centers, La Venta, San Lorenzo
Feature colossal heads, jaguar motif
Olmec state followed spread of maize from highlands to lowlands 1200 BC
Sudden collapse 400 BC monuments defaced |
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Term
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Definition
Classic Maya 200 BC - 900 AD
Origins evolved following Olmec collapse
Highland trade spurred rise of competing urban centers - Tikal, Uxmal, Copan, Palenque
Maya achievements = hieroglyphs, 365-day calendar, art and architectures, craft specialization |
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Term
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Definition
200 BC - 800 AD Valley of Mexico
Grew from small town to 25k largest city in New World
Key factors: local obsidian, irrigation, trade.warfare with Maya, Zapotec, religion
Massive public architecture: Pyramids of the Sun, Moon, Citadel, Street of the Dead |
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Term
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Definition
Formed huge but decentralized empire in highland Mexico by 1325 AD
Main urban center Tenochtitlan 200k pop.
cross-cut by canals 70 residential wards, magnificent temples
Empire built on ruthless military conquest fueled by human sacrifice and cannibalism
Spanish contact 1519, collapse 1521 |
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Term
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Definition
Andean state formed 500 Ad
Inca last of Andean states, but largeset
empire began 1438 AD with series of military conquests
Highly centralized empire Capital at Cuzco religious center Machu Pichu
1532 Inca standing army 10k defeated by 100 conquistadores |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of sounds and how they are structured |
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Term
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Definition
| ways in which the vocal organs modify the airstream in the mouth, nose and throat in order to produce sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| identification of minimal units of sound capable of distinguishing meaning in a language |
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Term
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Definition
Words have meaning standing for objects, actions, or ideas and are made of units of sounds
Grammatical structure is the manner in which words are related to each other in forming longer, structural units such as sentences |
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Term
| All Languages have These in Common |
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Definition
1) A system of recognizable sounds
2) Units known as words
3) grammatical structure
4) Strategies for using language in various personal and social ways |
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Term
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Definition
| study of language at specific point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| comparative study of sounds throughout time span of language |
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Term
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Definition
Langue = system of rules that members of a speech community recognize as their "language"
Parole = ability to use the rules in conversations, writing, etc. ~ how to apply rules of langue |
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Term
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Definition
Proto-Indo-European
= hypothetical language that left no documentation, reconstructed by the method of comparison |
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Term
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Definition
Conversational Device
=device that refers back to some word or syntactic category
"repetition eliminating" strategy |
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Term
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Definition
Conversational Device
=device that anticipates another word |
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Term
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Definition
Conversational Device
=designed to keep the flow of a conversation (umm..yeah...You agree don't you?) |
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Term
| Principle of Economic Change / Principle of Least Effort |
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Definition
Complex languages tend towards reduction, abbreviation, compression, leveling, or eliminating over time
Enlgish suffix -er reduces effort rather than creating a new word |
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Term
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Definition
| Process whereby one sound takes on the characteristic sound properties of another |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a consonant is changed to a vowel |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a sound becomes a palatal |
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Term
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Definition
words that havea common origin
used to construct undocumented languages - the older the language the more likely to have original sound |
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Term
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Definition
Basic idea of Echoism is imitation
Supported by two facts:
1) imitation is basic tendency in language otogenesis
2) onomatopeic words make up large portions of world's basic core vocabulary
Problems with Theory:
1) Development of nonvocal language in human beings who lack anatomy for articulate language
2) presence of non-echoic forms in basic vocabulary
3) presence of gesture as a subsystem of human communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Manual gestures were copied unconsciously by positions and movements of the lips and tongue |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Vocal lanuages and communication involves mainly mouth and ear work, as opposed to visual, tactile, or other modes of communication |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
There is no necessary dependence of the element of verbal signal on the nature of the referent |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Speech uses a small set of sound elements (phonemes) that form meaningful oppositions with each other |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Language has the capacity to refer to situations remote in space and time from the occurance |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Language users have the infinite capacity to express and understand meaning by using old elements to produce new ones |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Language is transmitted from one generation to the next primarily by a process of teaching and learning |
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Term
|
Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Vocal sounds have no intrinsic meaning in themselves but combine in different ways to form elements (words) that convey meaning |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| relations among words in sentences |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| variation according to the contexts in which a language is used or applied |
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Term
|
Definition
S - setting =time, place and psychological setting
P - participants =speaker, listener, and audience
E - ends =desired or expected outcome
A - act sequence =how form and content are derived
K - key =mood or spirit of the speech
I - instrumentalities =dialect used by speech community
N - norms =conventions about volume, tone, etc.
G - genres = different types of performance |
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Term
| 6 Constituents that Characterize all Speech Acts |
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Definition
1) an addresser who initiates communication
2) a message he/she wishes to communicate
3) an addressee intended receiver of the message
4) a context that permits the addressee to decipher intent of message and extract meaning
5) mode of contact between addresser and addressee that shapes the nature of the interaction (formal, informal, etc.)
6) a code providing linguistic resources for constructing and deciphering the message |
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Term
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Definition
1) Emotive = addresser's intentions, emotions, attitudes, social status, manifest in contents
2) Conative = intended effect of message
3) Referential = message to convey information
4) Poetic = deliver meaning similar to poetry
5) Phatic = establish social contact
6) Metalingual= designed to refer to code used |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Auditory signals are transitory and do not await the hearer's convenience |
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Term
|
Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Speech sound waves have no function other than to signal meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Speakers of a language can reproduce any linguistic message they can understand |
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Term
|
Definition
(True Language Behavior)
Speakers of a language hear and can reflect upon everything that they say |
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Term
| Broadcast Transmission and Direction Reception |
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
A verbal sign can be heard by any auditory system within ear range, and by which the source can be located using the ears direction-finding capacity |
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Term
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Definition
(True Language Behavior)
The elements of the linguistic signal convey meaning through their stable reference to real world situations |
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Term
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Definition
Language thought and culture are linked
Language predisposes speakers to attend to certain concepts as necessary |
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Term
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Definition
Language crystalized from chants made by early peoples as they worked and played together
Presence of prosodic features (tone, rhythm, modulation, etc.) in childhood as children attempt to communicate early needs or to express early concepts |
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Term
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Definition
Speech resulted from vocal osmosis
A word such as mama is postulated as resulting from the sounds made by infants sucking on the mother's breast
Forms such as ding-dong, bing-bong, flip-flop, suggest an osmotic origin, revealing an attempt to reproduce sounds of various kinds through vocalization |
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Term
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Definition
Language emerged as a consequence of the sounds our ancestors made in response to lovemaking, play and other social activities
"poetic forms" were the original words of humanity |
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Term
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Definition
Speech originated out of the instinctive sounds and grunts our hominid ancestors made in response to pain, anger, love and other affective states
Universal presence of Ah!, Ouch!, Yikes!, Wow!, etc. in the world's languages |
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Term
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Definition
Speech originated as a result of attempts to imitate the sounds made by animals
Core vocabularies of the world's languages have many onomatopeic words |
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Term
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Definition
The deep structure rules of different languages will show a universal set of rule making principles
culture defines the rules and sets parameters - what makes languages different |
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Term
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Definition
language structures do not take on meaning and function in isolation bu tin relation to each other
eg. cat and rat
c and r are important in the English language for establishing the meaning of both words |
|
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Term
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Definition
| Chomsky believes that "ideal knowledge" of a language is only known to the native speakers of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| The ways in which human beings organize their linguistic systems and exert themselves in speaking tend toward least effort |
|
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Term
| Analytic or Isolating Languages |
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Definition
words are made of single morphemes
e.g. Chinese |
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Term
| Synthetic or Agglutinating Languages |
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Definition
words contain several morphemes in combination
e.g. Italian |
|
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Term
| Integrative Theory of Social Stratification |
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Definition
| Assumption that social hierarchy is necessary |
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Term
| Exploitative Theory of Social Stratification |
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Definition
| Hierarchy exists because groups of individuals seek to take advantage of another group for economic purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Person viewed as an autonomous discrete individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| social process by which social identities are formed and maintained |
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Term
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Definition
Northwestern Zambia
believe that a persistent or severe illness is caused by action of ancestral ghost, witch, or social conflict
results from person failure or social conflict
doctor inquires about patients social relations to cure problem |
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Term
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Definition
British Columbia
Potlach = feast signifying social change (e.g. funeral)
a deceased person leaves a name empty
matrilineal clans/households with a specific number of names each with specific powers, honours, and wealth
Names of wrongdoers much be cleaned with a feast
distribution of gifts reorganizes and validates names and through them social positions |
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Term
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Definition
Bilaterally related, organized into brother-sister pair
men live in brides camp and work for brides parents
women have less reason to marry than men
restricted to marry based on naming system
relatives may stay with couple on honey-moons to make sure everything goes smoothly |
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Term
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Definition
Patrilineal extended family
ancestors very important
preference for male children
arranged marriages based on fate
marriages expensive for boys family
divorce uncommon
husbands can take mistresses if wealthy
women cannot have affairs because of inheritance disputes |
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Term
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Definition
Matrilineal (dala)
deny role of men in procreation
semen provides nourishment to baby
souls of deceased go to island and eventually will go into womb of a female of the same family
brother must give permission to sister to have child by placing bucket of water in house
sexual exploration accepted before marriage
marriage is unformal- woman sleeps in mans house and brides mother brings yams to show acceptance of marriage
sharing food is considered more intimate than sex
death is attributed to sorcery and is a threat to the matrilineage
the family of deceased empties treasury on funeral to show strength in face of threat
conflict can occur by not giving enough or giving too much yams |
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Term
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Definition
claim that illness and death are caused by sorcery
occurs when there is a conflict over judicial rights and claims or when somoen fails to observe the social norms
consults a diviner to discover cause of illness
= Interpersonal Theory of Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
hunter-gatherers
area rich in food and resources
only spend about two hours a day obtaining food
women responsible for gathering males hunt
rarely went hungry and are in better health than agricultural neighbours |
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Term
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Definition
feed their babies high-status food to increase their weight
status depends on colour (white), preparation (boiled), and location (imported)
therefore infants are fed boiled rice that is prepared by men
belief that fat is necessary to protect organs
largest men were matai and ate heads of fish, and the ribs of pigs
good body is not something a Somoan is born with - it takes the effort of the society |
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Term
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Definition
Sabung (word for cock) has other meanings and is used metaphorically to mean hero, warrior, champion, political candidate, bachelor, dandy, lady-killer, or tough-guy
court trials, wars, poltical contests, inheritance disputes, and street arguments are compared to cockfights
men groom and care for their fowls
heaven and hell compared to winning or losing a cockfight
it is not about economic gain as most of the time no money is actually won |
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Term
|
Definition
practiced in some areas of India
burning of a widow on her husband's pyre |
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Term
|
Definition
roasted and ate their dead
believed it was the compassionate thing to do
a corpse was a painful reminder of the deceased
the ground is considered polluting
also burned the house and belongings and memories of deceased |
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Term
| Yukon First Nation Peoples |
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Definition
tell stories that provide order and continuity in a rapidly changing world
stories take on different meanings that depend of the goals of the teller, the audience, and the question that elicits the story
important resource for learning about their beliefs and values. |
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Term
|
Definition
| decapitate enemies when a member of family dies to remove anger over death |
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Term
|
Definition
| residence fought against the take over of hog farms that resulted in social, environmental, and health damage |
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Term
|
Definition
witchraft is inherited from parents and grows as the body grows
diviners consulted by poisoning a chicken and seeing whether it lives or dies
the witch is then confronted and usually claims to be unaware of actions and accepts help to break the spell |
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Term
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Definition
Metaphors of Hunger
eating gives life through nutrition and frees souls
place the dead where ravens can eat them to free the soul which then enters a salmon until it is eaten and can enter another human body
hunger is associated with greed and immorality |
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Term
|
Definition
consider trees to be sacred person
initially marry a tree before marriage
believe that if a tree in a sacred grove is destroyed the gods will be offended and withhold seasonal rain |
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Term
|
Definition
| do not understand what people use Saphires for think they must be used as technology or warfare |
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Term
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Definition
thought that witchcraft would cease with modernization, but it increased
witchcraft explains to them the reason for success and failure
djambe = witches- lives in the belly of humans
to activate djambe must sacrifice the heart of parents |
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Term
|
Definition
must learn by observing and doing or imitating
emphasis on first hand knowledge
of one interferes with anothers experience - infringing on right to gain knowledge properly
setting bedtime restricts a childs personal autonomy
view animals as superior - once lived together
humans choose to return to another body and have the ability to travel as a soul |
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Term
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Definition
believed to be descended from 1 man
ghost at the top of hierarchy then men, then women
demands of ghost is a burden
for many the change from ghosts to god was just a name change |
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Term
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Definition
landless because of United Fruit
moved to Kingston and settled on fringes of city
crowning of black king Ras Tafari fufilled biblical prophecies
reject capitalist world - right now oppression comes from U.S. and Jah (god) will set them free |
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Term
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Definition
Africans brought together and made ways to communicate and share beliefs
made a distinctive Caribbean culture that combined various slave cultures with French
world view is based on work and suffering - meant to minimize pain and loss |
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Term
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Definition
Reproductive process as planting and growing crops - a seed can grow at any time
women are subjected to virginity testing even at jobs, hospitals, and as students |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that our beliefs and behaviours are right while other are wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| impossible to make moral judgements about beliefs of others |
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Term
| Archaeological Survey Methods |
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Definition
Foot survey: the old fashioned way
Sub-surface Survey: low-tech soil probe and shovel test
High-tech:
Soil resisitivity: measures resistance to passage of electrical current
Magnetic survey: magnetometers measure and map magnetic anomalies
Ground Penetrating Radar: echoes of electromagnetic pulses reveal changes in density
Survey From Above:
Aerial Photography: vertical and oblique
Infra-red Photography sensitive to changes in moisture content
Side-looking airborne radar |
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Term
| Archaeological Sampling Methods |
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Definition
Archaeologists rarely survey and entire region, or excavate an entire site – we take samples
How to make samples representative of entire region?
Judgmental, systematic, random, stratified |
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Term
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Definition
Measure amount of decay of C14 in organic material after death
Range to about 70K
Radiocarbon years vary in length, and do not correspond perfectly to calendar years |
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Term
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Definition
Classification: systematic ordering of data into classes, based on shared traits
Artifact types: artifact classes defined by regular clustering of attributes
Attribute: individual characteristic of an artifact
Types of types: functional, morphological, stylistic, emphasize different attributes |
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Term
| Types of Analysis of Artifacts |
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Definition
How was it made? Chipped stone, ground stone, coiled pottery, paddle and anvil
Use-wear studies: identifying patterns of artifact use through experimental replication and use
Residue analysis: blood, fat, silica gloss, adhering to artifacts indicate use |
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Term
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Definition
Taxonomic identification (to species if possible)
Anatomical element
Wild vs domesticated
Male vs female
Age of animal at death
Butchery marks or other cultural modifications
Taphonomy
= tells us about the hunting/scavenging/domestication methods used by a group or society of humans |
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Term
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Definition
Identify plant species
Wild or domesticated
Palynology: study of plant pollen, can be used to reconstruct natural environment at time of occupation |
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Term
| What makes Humans, Human? |
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Definition
Brain size (+600 cc), language, “modern” post-cranial anatomy (especially the hand), tool manufacture and use
Archaeologists focus on tools
Habitual tool use sets humans apart from other apes; the marker of “culture” |
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Term
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Definition
| All primates have teeth that are different types of each other, as opposed to other creatures with homodontism. The teeth that are looked at are the upper and lower quarter of the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
---------Incisors---------Premolars-------
------------------Canines-----------Molars
Upper Teeth 2. 1. 2. 3.
Lower Teeth 2. 1. 2. 3. |
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Term
Adaptive Origins of Primates
Arboreal Theory |
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Definition
| Fred Szalay (1973) Evolution of primate traits result in shift to more herbivorous diet and more acrobatic grasp-leaping type of locomotion. |
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Term
Adaptive Origins of Primates
Visual Predation Theory |
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Definition
| Cartmill (1992) emphasizes visual adaptations. Stereoscopic vision important for predators that rely on vision to detect prey. Nailed grasping hands for grasping prey rather than for arboreal support. Ancestral primate was visual predator that stalked and grasped prey in canopy or forest undergrowth. |
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Term
Adaptive Origins of Primates
Angiosperm vs Co-Evolution Theory |
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Definition
| Sussman (1991) primates evolved in conjunction with radiation of flowering plants to explore fruit, flowers, and nectar. Sussman suggested visual predation rare in primates and not important in earliest primates. |
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Term
Adaptive Origins of Primates
Angiosperm vs Co-Evolution Theory |
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Definition
| Sussman (1991) primates evolved in conjunction with radiation of flowering plants to explore fruit, flowers, and nectar. Sussman suggested visual predation rare in primates and not important in earliest primates. |
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Term
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Definition
•Primates appear for first time in fossil record in South America.
•Branisella is first to appear towards late Oligocene.
•Origins of South American primates unclear.
•May have “rafted” over from Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
•Fluctuations in global temperatures.
•Land masses still on move - connection between North and South America opened via Panama.
•Mediterranean Sea dried up by end of Miocene and filled up again in Pliocene. |
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Term
| Gregor Mendel (1822 - 1884) |
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Definition
•He was a priest who cared for monastery garden in Switzerland.
•Mendel tried to create new and better pea plants using common garden pea (Pisum sativum)
Methods
1) Mendel allowed peas to self-pollinate for several generations. He continued the self-pollinating until he obtained pure breeding plants for the traits he was investigating. He then chose these pure breeding plants as parents for his experiments. He termed them the P generation for parent.
2) He took two P generation plants that had contrasting traits and pollinated them. He termed the offspring of this generation the F1 generation or filial generation. (Filial - ‘brothers and sisters)
3) Finally he allowed the F1 generation to self-pollinate, the offspring of this generation were F2. He counted numbers of offspring with each of parental physical trait(s) in this generation.
•Each individual plant must carry two copies of the ‘factor’ that determines colour and shape.
•If plants ‘breed true’ it must mean that the factors are identical, otherwise one will mask the other.
• Published his findings in 1866 but raised little interest at the time. This may have been because there was no understanding of genetics at the time and it was not until the 1900's that his work was recognized. |
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Term
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Definition
| •are paired rod shaped structures in cell nucleus containing genes that transmit traits from generation to generation. |
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Term
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Definition
•used to store genetic information that codes for the synthesis of proteins.
•Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T). |
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Term
| RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Molecules |
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Definition
•Dictate synthesis of proteins that preform a wide variety of functions in the body.
•Regulate expression of other genes.
•Work with structures in the cell (ribosomes) that are critical for manufacture of proteins.
•Transport amino acids to ribosomes for the creation of proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
•1 or more polypeptide chains.
•Polypeptide chains consist of amino acids strung together (ca. 200 - 300, but up to 26,926 amino acids in a single chain of titin [skeletal and cardiac muscles])
•Cell synthesizes RNA from a master blueprint called DNA.
•Every function in living cell depends on protein. For example: catalyst of all biochemical reaction is done by enzymes, which contain proteins. Proteins truly basis of life. |
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Term
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Definition
•Synthesis of single strand of RNA into messenger RNA at unwound section of DNA with one of the DNA strands serving as a template.
•Result: genetic code in DNA is transferred to mRNA
•mRNA carries information to cytoplasm, then protein synthesis occurs via translation. |
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Term
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Definition
•Genetic information encoded in sequence of three nucleotides termed codons.
•Four nucleotides of RNA are: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U), which replaces Thymine (T) in DNA template. |
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Term
| Translation in Protein Production |
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Definition
•mRNA and tRNA interact with the structure in ribosomes to form protein.
•Each amino acid of protein specified by sequence of nucleotides in RNA molecule.
•tRNA is information adapter molecule. Direct interface between amino acid sequence of protein and information in mRNA. Therefore it decodes message in mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical unit of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| observable physical appearance of organism; may or may not relfect genotype of total genetic constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total compliment of inherited traits or genes of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| one member of a pair of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| possessing two identical genes or alleles in corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes. (YY or yy) |
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Term
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Definition
| possessing different genes or alleles in corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes.(Yy) |
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Term
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Definition
| allele of a gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in heterozygous form. |
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Term
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Definition
| allele phenotypically suppressed in heterozygous form. |
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Term
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Definition
| (sometimes called partial dominance) a heterozygous genotype creates an intermediate phenotype e.g. pink carnations R dominant + R partial dominant = pink carnation. This happens when a dominant red gene competes with a dominant white gene there is a blending. |
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Term
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Definition
| neither phenotype is dominant. Instead individual expresses both phenotype e.g. AB blood type. This happens when there are two recessive genes they share. |
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Term
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Definition
Benedict Anderson defines it as:
An institution like the Church, the university, and the modern corporation.
Ingests and excretes personnel
It has its own memory and its own interest in self-preservation apart from the people that make it up. |
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Term
| Cultural Roots of Nationalism |
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Definition
Print capitalism e.g. the newspaper
Standardized vernacular language, or a lingua franca, that allows for a reading public
Result = shared sense of space and time |
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Term
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Definition
Regime of Truth:
The set of rules (explicit and implicit) that govern how truth is produced, by whom, for what purpose, and under what circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
Found only in New World (Central and South America)
~Platyrrhines~
have broad flat-bridged noses with nostrils facing upwards
have three premolars
some have a prehensile tail
completely arboreal
vary a lot in size, group formation, and food ranges |
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Term
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Definition
Found in Old World (Africa, Asia, Europe)
have narrow noses with nostrils facing downward
same dental formula as apes and humans
some species are arboreal, others terrestrial |
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Term
| Time of the Earliest (undisputed) Primates |
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Definition
| The earliest definite primates dating back to the Eocene epoch, appeared abruptly in North America, Europe and Asia about 55 million years ago |
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Term
| Emergence of the first anthropoids |
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Definition
First New World Monkeys - appear in the late Oligocene when South America was no closer to either Africa or North America than it is today
where did they come from? earliest fossil evidence dates to 35 million years ago from Bolivia. It is represented by Branisella, Tremacebus, Dolichocebus, Homonoculus, and Soriacebus
Old World Monkeys - undisputed remains date to 34 million years ago early Oligcene, in Fayum area Egypt. |
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Term
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Definition
date to the Oligocene 34 million years ago
monkeylike
have 3 premolars
bony partition behind eye socket
broad incisors
projecting canines
low, rounded cups on molars
relatively small brains
small size
= most primitive of the known anthropoids
believed to be the ancestors to New World Monkeys, however unclear who they would have reach New World since continents were far apart at this time
may have rafted over |
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Term
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Definition
date to the Oligocene 34 million years ago
have dental formula of modern catarrhines - 2 premolars
broad lower incisors
projecting canines
lower molars with rounded cusps
bony partition behind the eye socket
Aegyptopithecus = best known propliopithecus
moved around quadrupedally in trees
weighed about 6 kg
relatively small brain
considerable sexual dimorphism
common ancestor of both Old World Monkeys and the hominoids - apes and humans |
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Term
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Definition
During the Miocene epoch 24 million to 5.2 million years ago, monkeys and apes clearly diverged in appearnce and numberous kinds of apes appeared in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
temperature warmer than Oligocene
conditions became drier
late Miocene 8-5 million years ago the first ancestor of humans - the first hominid - emerged in Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Arctic culture surviving the longest in the eastern Arctic regions
followed after the Arctic Small Tool tradition
Subsistence based on seal, caribou, muskox, and fish
No technology for open-water hunting
Technology limited compared to later Thule culture |
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Term
| Arctic Small Tool Tradition |
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Definition
Representing the first humans to move into the eastern Canadian Arctic and Greenland came after the Paleo-Arctic tradition
2000 - 800 BC
Characterized by finely made microblades, burins, scrapers, blades, and the bow and arrow
Most likely the product of rapid migration of people from eastern Siberia |
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Term
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Definition
Represents the first undisputed cultural development in the Arctic, after the more tentative early occupation sites associated with the peopling of the New World.
The earliest well-document sites are dated from 8000 - 5000 BC and are identified by stone tools, including microblades and small bifaces - no bone artifacts have been found. |
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Term
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Definition
the Thule represent a populatio migration from Alaska that brought with it a whole new technology = use of metals including iron, which came through contact with Siberia in their Alaskan homeland
In the west some groups used ceramics
In the east Arctic soapstone used to make bowls and pots
It is from Thule population that modern Inuit peoples derive.
Had large seagoing umiak and flotation gear
dog-sleds |
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Term
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Definition
slender populations inhabit warmer regions
more robust populations inhabit colder |
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Term
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Definition
| protruding body parts are shorter in the cooler areas of a specie's range than in the warmer areas |
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Term
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Definition
| populations of birds and mammals living in warmer climates have more melanin and therefore darker skin, fur, or feathers than do populations of the same species living in cooler areas |
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Term
| Broad Spectrum Revolution |
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Definition
pre-agricultural revolution
occurred during a period of climate change responsible for decline of big game and availability of new food resources
may have turned to broad spectrum of resources because of population growth |
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Term
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Definition
5600 BC
200 houses
farming advanced - surplus produced
various well-made craft items and jewelry
noted for its cattle shrines |
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