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| the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors |
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| application of anthropological data, perspective, theory, and methods to identify, access, and solve contemporary social problems |
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| archaeological anthropology |
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| study of material artifacts of past and present societies |
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| biological/physical anthropology |
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| study of human biology in social context and and evolutionary orgins |
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| holistic, comparative study of particular societies and social groups |
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| personal study of local settings which entail spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people & learning about their way of life |
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| examines, interprets, analyzes and compares the results of the ethnography |
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| the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, future; biology, society, lauguage |
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| formal, historical, & social study of human language & communication |
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| the attempt to assign humans to discrete catagories based on common acestry (phenotype) |
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| study of relationships between social & linguistic variation; study of language in its social context |
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| unique features of anthropology |
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-broaden veiw
-comparative science that examines all societies, ancient and modern, simple and complex
-cross cultural perspective |
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| four subfields of anthropology & what they study |
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1)cultural: holistic view of societies and social groups
2)linguistics: language and communication
3)biocultural/physical: human biology & evolutionary orgins
4)archaeological: material artifacts, genetics, human growth & development, primatology, plasticity |
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| biocultural perspectives on race |
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| phenotype raises problems on deciding one's race; natural selection (forms must fit to survive & reproduce in an environment) |
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| connection with other fields |
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| they all study society; encompasses any use of knowledge and/or techniques that four disciplines identify, asses, and solve practical problems because of its breadth whereas academics anthropology is more generalized |
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| academic vs. applied anthropology |
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| applied anthropology encompasses any use of knowledge and/or techniques that four disciplines identify, asses, and solve practical problem because of its breadth whereas academic anthropology is more generalized |
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| the exchange of cultural features that results when groups into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may altered, but the groups remain distinct |
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| the position that the values and the standards of culture differ and deserve respect; anthropologists try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations |
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| borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries |
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| the tendency to view ones's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's standards |
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| accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems |
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| doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions |
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| development of the same trait or patterns in seperate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances |
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| cultural traditions that extend beyond national boudaries |
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| cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation |
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| different cultural symbol-based traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society |
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| something verbal or non-verbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else with which it has no necessary or natural connection |
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| it is learned which depends on symbols; it teaches how, what, & when things are appropiate; it has no shared beliefs & values; intergrated |
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| culture as a symbol system |
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| it helps orginate and bestow meaning on a thing or event, and correspondingly, to grasp and appreciate such meanings; it helps create and maintain culture; language |
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| culture molds biological based porentials |
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| biologically based universals include a long period of infant dependency, year round (rather than seasonal) sexuality and a complex brain that enables us to use symbols, language and tools |
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| by coping with environmental stresses; customary activities and tools that aid us "cultural adaptive kits" |
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| culture traits, patterns, which threaten the groups continued existence (survival and reproduction) |
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| 1)national culture 2)international culture 3)subculture |
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| mechanisms of culture change |
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| 1)diffusion 2) acculturation 3)independence invention |
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| key cultural consultant (informants) |
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| an expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect |
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| producers by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage using diagrams and symbols |
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| an agreement sought by the ethnographers from community members to take part in research |
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| ethnographic tool for structuring a formal interview; contrast with questionaries because it requires more personal contacts and records their answers (prepared from "printed") |
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| if a cultural consultant; provides a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture |
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| ethnographers record what they see as they see it during an ethnography |
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| a characteristic ethnographic techniques; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing |
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| whole set of feelings about being in an alien setting, and the ensuring reactions |
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| characteristic research procedure among social scientist other than anthropologists; studies society through sampeling, statistical analysis, & impersonal data collection |
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| responsibility to the people and the animals with whom anthropological researchers work and whose lives and cultures they study; advice anthropological reseach |
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| features of ethical reasearch |
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| field experience in another society; greater cultural uniformity, less social, differentiation; understanding the whole of particular culture |
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Term
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Definition
1.fieldwork
(field experience "living" in another society)
2.participant observation
(ethnographers taking part in community life as thy study it)
3.rapport building
(a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact, with their host)
4.interviews "schedule"
(ethnographer talks face to face with people, asks the questions, & writes down answers)
5.genealogies
(a well established ethnographic technique use to discover & record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols)
6.key cultural consultants
(ethnographers spend a lot of time with k.c.c. because they are the most knowledgeable)
7.life history
(helps illustrate diversity since the focus is on how different people interpret similar problems |
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| systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration |
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| spoken and written is our primary means of communication |
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| a basic feature of language; communication system through learning is a fundamental attribute of language ex. teaching apes language |
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| the scientific study of spoken language; phonology, lexicon, syntax, & morphology |
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| a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups, such as types of snow to eskimos or skiers |
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| subdivision of linguistics that studies language over time |
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| theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking |
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| the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structual basis |
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| authority and correctness in a language' the ability of certain social groups to exercise control over others by establishing their view of reality, norms, cultural and linguistic |
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| differences between primate call systems in the wild language |
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Definition
| primates cant combine more than one call system simultaneously; also the vocal tract of apes is not suitable for speech |
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| apes use of language in labs vs. human language |
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Definition
| apes can learn to communicate through american sign language and they try to teach it to their offspring; they have "nothing" to say |
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| grammers and lexicons of particular language shape perception & thought |
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| "universal grammer" brain contains a limited set of rules organizing language therefore all languages have a common structural basis; learning foreign languages & that words & ideas translate from one language to another |
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| sociolinguistic investigations of relationship between social & linguistic variation and symbolic domination |
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Definition
- socialinguistics investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation; they also focus on features that vary systematically with social position and variation by observing, defining, and measuring variable use of language in real-world situations; gendered contrast speech
- symbolic domination stratification shows how pronunciation is associated with prestige "proper language" --> uneducated people
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| connection of language and power & social divisions |
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Definition
| our speech habits help determine our access to employment to employment & other material resources; "proper language" becomes a strategic resources and a path to wealth, prestige and power |
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| salvage linguistics- efforts to preserve threatened languages (1/2 of remaining languages) and why its important |
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Definition
-as the loss of human languages decrease people find it easier to conduct business and communicate with those outside their own culture if they speak more in widely used languages like english, chinese, spanish, russian, & hindi. children aren't being educated in languages spoken by a limited number of people
-its important because the enormous variety of these languages represents a vast, largely unmapped terrain on which it limits the human mind. Each endangered language embodies unique local knowledge of the cultures & natural systems in the region it's spoken in. Also, these languages are among our few sources of evidence for understanding human history |
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| uses land intensively and continuously; reflect of use on domestic animals, irrigation, and terracing |
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Definition
exchange between social equals, who are normally related by kinship, marriage, or another personal tie (used in bands/tribes)
1)generalized
characteristics of exchanges between closely related people (giving something & expecting nothing in return)
2)balanced
social distance increases & need to reciprocate; applies to exchange between people are more distantly related and they expect something in return
3)negative
social distance is greatest & reciprocation is most calculated; silent trade |
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| refers to a small kin-based group (all its members are related by kinship or marriage) |
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| a population's system of production, distributions, and consumption of resources |
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| makes intense use of none of the factors of the production; they use took like hoes and digging sticks to grow crops |
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governs the distribution of mean of production- land, labor, natural resources, technology, capital
--> used in industrial, labor specialization (money), and chiefdoms |
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| means of production/mode of production |
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Definition
1)horticulture (2)agriculture
3)pastoralism (4)foraging (5)industrialism |
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Definition
henders whose activities focus on such domesticated animals like sheep, cattle, goats, camels, yak & reindeer
a)nomadism
when the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year (men, women, children)
b)transhumance
part of the group moves with the heras, but most people study in the home village |
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| small-scale agriculturist living in a state, with rent fund obligations |
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| a festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of North Pacific Coast of U.S. |
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| operates when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center; products move through a hiearchy (chiefdoms) |
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| foraging was primarily human means of making a living until advent of... |
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| food production (horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism) 10,000 years ago |
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| polani's exchange principles |
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| 1)reciprocity (2)redistribution (3)market exchange/ principle |
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| social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription |
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| social status (ie race, gender) that people hare little or not choice about accupying |
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| although he occupies no office he creates his reputation though entrepreneurship and generosity to others; neither his wealth nor position passes to his heirs; found among horticulturalists & pastoralists |
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| closed, hereditary system of stratification, often dictated by religion; social status ascribed at birth |
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the ability to exercise one's will over others
-to do what one wants- is the basis of political status |
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| the basis of society status- refers to esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary |
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| an economic status which encompasses all a person's material assets, including land, income, and other types of property |
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| 1)power (2)prestige (3)wealth |
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| services's sociopolitical typology |
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| 1)band (2)tribe (3)chiefdom (4)state |
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| economics based on non-intensive food production (horticulture &pastoralism); socioeconomic stratification & centralized rule are absent in tribes; no political decisions |
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| intermediate between the tribe and the state; kinbased with deferential access to resources and a permanent political structure |
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| based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification |
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| the creation of seperate strata; key of a state |
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| stratification system that facilitates social mobility, with individual achievement and personal merit determing social rank |
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| an upward or downward change in a person's social status |
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| leadership position in a village (as among the yanomami, where the head is always a man); has limited authority; leads by example and persuasion |
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| correlations with adaptive strategies and political typology |
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Definition
foraging-->bands
horticulture-->tribes
agriculture-->
pastoralism-->tribes/cheifdems
industrialism--> states |
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| four regulatory systems of all states |
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Definition
1)population control
fixing of boundaries, establishment of citizenship catagories & the taking of a census
2)judicary
laws, legal procedures, and judges
3)enforcement
permanent military and police forces
4)fiscal
taxation |
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