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Definition
| the giving and receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of a return gift within a specified time limit |
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Definition
| an economic system in which people work for wages, land and capital foods are privately owned, and capital is invested for profit |
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| the pattern of apportioning different tasks to different members of a society |
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| study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses its resources to produce and distribute goods and services |
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| giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected |
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| group of people united by kinship or other links who share a residence and organize production, consumption, and distribution among themselves |
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| a pattern of exchange among trading partners in a ring of islands off Papua New Guinea |
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| a practice, value, or form of social organization that evens out wealth within a society |
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| an economic system in which goods and services are brought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand |
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| form of redistribution involving competitive feasting practiced among Northwest Coast Native Americans |
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| a mutual give-and-rake among people of equal status |
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| exchange in wich goods are collected from or contributed by members of a group and then given out to the group in a new pattern |
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| form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the father's or mother's descent group |
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Definition
| process by which senior family members exercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children's spouses |
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Definition
| system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated with their mother's and their father's descent group |
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| goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to legitimize a marriage |
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Definition
| unilineal kinship group whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but who cannot trace this link through known relatives |
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Definition
| marriage between the children of a parent's siblings of the opposite sex |
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Definition
| a group of kin who are descendants of a common ancestor, extending beyond two generations |
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| presentation of goods by the bride's kin to the family of the groom or the couple |
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| the person from whose perspective a kinship chart is viewed |
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Definition
| a person must marry within a particular group |
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| a person must marry outside a particular group |
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| family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations |
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Definition
| a culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage |
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Definition
| the totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in a society |
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| custom whereby a an marries the widow of a deceased brother |
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Definition
| group of kin whose members trace descent from a known common ancestor |
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| customs, rules and obligations that establish a socially endorsed relationship between adults and children, and between the kin groups of the married partners |
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| lineage formed by descent in the female line |
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| rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through females only |
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| system under which a bride lives with his wife's family after marriage |
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Definition
| rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time |
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Definition
| family organized around the conjugal tie and consisting of a husband, wife and their children |
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Definition
| marriage between children of a parent's same-sex sibling |
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Definition
| lineage formed by descent in the male line |
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Definition
| rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through males only |
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Definition
| system under which a bride lives with her husband's family after marriage |
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Definition
| more than one wife at a time |
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Definition
| rule allowing more than one spouse at a time |
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Definition
| more than one husband at a time |
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Definition
| custom whereby, when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife |
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Definition
| membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal line or the paternal line, but not both |
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Term
| cultural construction of gender |
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Definition
| the idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture |
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Definition
| cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories |
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Definition
| cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor |
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| the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society |
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Definition
| an alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman |
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Definition
| female-dominated society in which women hold all important public and private power |
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Definition
| a woman's first mentration |
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Definition
| male-dominated society in which all important public and private power is held by men |
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Definition
| a gender system in which women's status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children, whereas men are identified with public, prestigious economic, and political roles. |
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| ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another |
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| the biological difference between male and female |
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| an alternative gender role in native North America (berdache) |
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Definition
| an alternative gender role in Tahiti |
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Definition
| small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage |
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Definition
| self-made leader who gains power through personal achievements rather than through political office |
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Definition
| a society with social ranking in which political integration in achieved through an office of centralized leadership called the chief |
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Definition
| society in which no individual or group has more privileged access to resources, power, or prestige than any other |
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| social strata that has differential access to all culturally valued resources, whether power, wealth, or prestige, and possessively protects its control over these resources |
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| categories of people who see themselves as sharing an ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups or the larger society |
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Definition
| sense of self a person experiences as a member of an ethnic group |
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Definition
| construction of ideologies, beliefs, and values that attempt to justify the stratification system in a state society |
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Definition
| small-scale societies designated as bands, tribes, or chiefdoms that occupied their land prior to European contact |
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| sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having distinctive national culture and historical experience |
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| the ability to impose one's will on others |
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| the number of groups and their interrelationships in a society |
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| society characterized by formal, permanent, social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources |
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Definition
| culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor |
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Definition
| a social position that a person chooses or achieves on his or her own |
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Definition
| South African system of multiple exclusive racial groups-black, white, colored and Asian-that were formally recognized, segregated, treated differently in law and life, and occupied different and almost exclusive statuses within the society |
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Definition
| a social position into which a person is born |
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| social stratification based on birth or ascribed status in which social mobility between castes is not possible |
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Definition
| culturally constructed category based on perceived physical differences |
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Definition
| movement from one social stratum to another |
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Definition
| a social hierarchy resulting from the relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods and services in a society |
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Definition
| accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources |
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Definition
| the notion that all objects, living and nonliving, are imbued with spirit |
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Definition
| state of perceived solidarity, equality and unite among people sharing a religious ritual, often characterized by intense emotion |
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Definition
| the belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object |
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Definition
| system of beliefs that deals with fundamental questions in the religious and social order |
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Definition
| religious ritual performed to find hidden objects or information |
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Definition
| the belief that imitating an action in a religious ritual will cause the action to happen in the material world |
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Definition
| state of a ritual, particularly a rite of passage, in which one has passed out of an old status but has not yet entered a new one |
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Definition
| religious ritual believed to produce a mechanical effect by supernatural means |
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Definition
| stories of historical events, heroes, gods, spirits, and creation that members of a religious tradition hold to be holy and true |
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Definition
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Definition
| social institution characterized by sacred stories, symbols, and symbolism; the proposed existence o immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, and qualities; rituals and means of addressing the supernatural; specific practitioners; and change |
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Definition
| ceremonial act or a repeated stylized gesture used for specific occasions involving the use of religious symbols |
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Definition
| the merging of elements of two or more religious traditions to produce a new religion |
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Definition
| the ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them; the practice of sorcery |
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