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ANSC 467 Exam 2
lectures 10 through 17
58
Science
Undergraduate 3
10/27/2014

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
nervous system receptors
Definition

teleceptors: transmit info

exteroceptors: responds to info outside the body

interoceptors: respond to info inside the body

Term
steps to perceiving the environment
Definition

environment->

sensor->

integrator (processor-brain)->

effector (activity-run)

Term
nocturnal vs diurnal vision
Definition
there are more rods in nocturnal animals and more cones in diurnal animals
Term
gustatory
Definition

chemical sensory signal

stimulated by direct contact, taste

Term
what processes change for animals in the winter and why
Definition

endocrine, metabolic, growth, neural, thermogenic all change seasonally and enhance winter energy conservation

photoperiod play a role...how they tell what they should be doing

Term
what about the seasonality of the immune system
Definition

it is constant but the energy used for it comes from different rations

divert resources from other functions

 

driven by changes in energy availability and the requirements

Term
why do adaptive types of seasonal biological changes evolve to fit annual environmental cycles
Definition

increases survival and

increases reproductive fitness

 

thus increases fitness

Term
melatonin
Definition

mediator that comes from the cue (photperiod)

secreted from the pineal gland, secretory pattern communicates the time of the season

Term
photoperiodism
Definition
process whereby organisms are able to use absolute measure of day lenght and direction of change
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition

24 hour period

body temp

Term
circannual rhythms
Definition
around a year: seasonal reproductive events (cortisol)
Term
suprachiasmatic nuclei
Definition

master pacemaker for circadian events via the expression of transcription factors "clock genes"

 

path

retina-photoreceptor-SCN-clock genes (4)

Term
what does melatonin effect?
Definition

it effects the endocrine system thus it also effects anything associated with the endocrine system

seasonal energetic and immunological adaptations

regulates:

puberty/reproduction functions

seasonal adaptations: cope with energy demand via repro inibition/increase thermoregulatory capacity/enhance immune function

impact energy-saving behaviors: nest building, topor, food intake

Term
besides photoperiod what are cues animals use for repro and food storage times
Definition
food supply, temp, housing availability, social interaction
Term
prolactin
Definition

inverslty related to patterns of reproductive activity

(prolactin vs melatonin)

Term
sheep maturation
Definition

seasonal breeders

females maturationin spring

males maturation in autumn

Term
what affects male maturity
Definition

growth related metabolic cues

temp and food availability

mature females can hasten

Term
non seasonal breeders
Definition

cattle: long day stimulates growth and increases height (after puberty=heavier BW and taller)

poultry-accelerated growth and improved efficienc of gain in intermittent light as well at turkeys

pig-kinda scattered data, no exact effect

Term
how to manage via lighting
Definition

even diffusion throughout

illumination should facilitate good management

 

Term
lighting quantity and quality
Definition

quantity: output of light source (lux) measured at the animals eyes

quality: amount light emitted at diff wavelenghts

 

min 50-110 lux or 5 to 10 FC; 150-220 lux

8h per day

Term
what are the imporatant characteristics of a behavioral adaptation?
Definition

must properly gather and process info

appropriate behavioral response

achieve fitness and remain fit

Term
what info is necessary to the background of behavioral adaptations
Definition

what is animal built for? kind of habitat and patterns of locomotion: quantity and quality of space

natural social organization

maintenance behaviors: feeding, grooming, thermoregulation

parental behaviors

Term
ontogeny and experience
Definition

sensitive period (time of natural development)

newborn: feeding and contact

juveniles: feeding, locomotion, play, exploratory

adults: sesual and parental

...

imprinting

filial: sexual-not till puberty

...

brain development affected by

barren vs enrichment: dendritic branching

HPA axis-long term (in utero, post natal)

Term
cognition
Definition

mental capacity

 

learning is not limited to ontogen period

Term
forms of learning
Definition

habituation

(sensitization is not a form of learning)

associative learning: new relations between stimulus and response

classical vs operant

Term
classical learning
Definition

associative

learned behavior response to previously neutral environmental event that becomes a newly acquired stimulus...salavating to bell experement

 

involuntary, reflexive behaviors

Term
operant learning
Definition

associative

learned resposne in which an action performed is associated with a positive or negative outcome

 

pos and neg reinforcement

Term
environmental enrichment
Definition

means of modifying a captive animals environment in order to stimulate or encourage natural behaviors while reducing anomalous behaviors (negative behaviors)


characteristics:provides mental/physical stimulation

animal has choices

enables performance of natural behaviors

eliminates frustration

results more interesting and complex environment

Term
furnishings to increase complexity
Definition

physical: structural, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory

temporal: degree to which stimulus changes using novelty and variable in fixed surroundings

social: group size and composition

Term
behavioral activity budget
Definition

changes through stages of life

influenced by:

social structure, age comp, sex ration, relatedness

use of habitat (climing, sleeping, feeding)

sensory modification (light, touch, sound, smell)

Term
process of how enrichment works
Definition

increase (specific) behvioral opportunities while reducing inappropriate behaviors

increases diversity of behaviors

provides options for behaviors

Term
categories of enrichment
Definition

routine husbandry: mix up the feeding

animal training programs: physical exams

social groupings: should be like wild plus add visual barriers

sensory stimulations: vocal recordings, hide spices

Term
what enrichment should accomplish
Definition

improve activity

allow full-range of social interactions

promote interactions between animal and environment

 

enhance well-being: physical and mental wellness

Term
parameter of space
Definition

meet anatomical and behavioral needs

physical space: fixed, space being occupied

social: portable, personal bubble

individual determins

static: required based on body size, shape

dynamic: additional space for basic postural adjustments

Term
group structure traits that favor domestication
Definition

we choose based on behavior

 

large social groups

hierachial group structure

male affiliated with female group

 

also how they respond to humans

Term
social groups and space
Definition

need less physical and more social space

no randome arrangment

personal space, contact, rank and activity

 

effected by:

species, sex, age, hormonal and social status

Term
despotic social hierarchy
Definition

1 individual controls all the rest

resources divided unequally

dominance attained by aggression/intimidation,phychological intimidation

not favorable toward domestication becasue of unequal distribution of resources

Term
linear social hierarchy
Definition

each individual has a rank or pecking order

dominant over those below

submissive to those above

 

established by

fighting

avoidance

competition

Term
benefit of hierarchies
Definition

stabilizes social relationships-minimize psychological and physical stress

befits both dominant and subordinant animals

Term
air flow does what two things
Definition
picks up heat (summer) and moisture (winter) and contaminants
Term
cold vs warm house
Definition

cold: openings for air movement, unregulated, no insulation, same temp as outside

warm: insolation, mechanical regulation of air flow

Term
R value
Definition
insulation factor or resistance-affects heat passage from inside to outside
Term
primary challenges
Definition
part of the environment, toxic substances, thermal, parasites
Term
secondary challenges
Definition
enhance primary, impair defenses or both
Term
types of diseases
Definition

non-pathogenic (trauma, injury, metabolic)

 

pathogenic-infectious

(specific-clinical symptoms, specific pathology)

(multifactorial-caused by variety of internal/external, independently dont cause disease)

Term
micro vs macro parasites
Definition

micro-virus/bacteria

macro-fluke, ticks, mites

Term
traits of bacterial determining if they are pathogenic
Definition

dose

virulence-index of relative pathogencity inverse to dose (less = greater)

pathogenicity=invades, infects, multiplies- disease

infectivity-ability to survive defences

invasiveness-ability to spread

Term
trait of viruses
Definition

heterogeneous group of intracellular organisms-replicate only within living animal cell

bigger issue inside where as bacteria bigger issue outside

Term
Endoparasites
Definition

inside: intestine/liver

tapeworm, roundworm

Term
ectoparasites
Definition

outside-disease carriers

lice, fleas

Term
what is the most dangerous vector
Definition
same species carriers (casual-days or weeks or chronic-months or years)
Term
defense against challenges
Definition

primary: skin, resp tract

secondary: immune system

innate_born with

adaptive-gained

Term
innate immunity
Definition

pre-exist-non specific response, independent of priior exposure

macrophages and neutrophiles engulf and kill, extracellular

nk cells are intracellular, viral and other pathogens

Term
adaptive immunity
Definition

cell mediated-intracellular pathogens

humoral-antibody

(B-cells, plasma cells produce antibodies)

both macro and micro parasites

Term
integumentary system
Definition

related to maintianing homeostasis

skin, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands and hair

Term
fomites
Definition
carry air particles
Term
air quality components in animal house/room
Definition

airborn particles (fomites)

solids (dust)

liquids (sneeze-vapor phase)

gases/vapors-odorus

ammonia (lighter than air)

hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs-most deadly, manure-related deaths-lesions and lethargy)

methan-high combusition, decomposing manuer, odorless/tastless, lighter than air

Nitrogen dioxide, silo gases, fermentation of grains, dont realize till dead

Carbon Dioxide-oderless, heavier than air, reduce o2 consumption, dark kidney blood, headache, respiratiory distress, lesions

carbon monoxide: poisonous, odorless, transportational, combustion equiptment, competes with o2 to bind, brigh red blood, brain lesions

Term
diluting infective dose
Definition

increase ventilation

decrease animal density

outodores reduce droplet infection

unfavorable condition-high air temp, quicker death

outside 50-80% humidity -decrease survivability

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