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ANSC 433 Lab Practical 2
Reproduction Lab Practical
67
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Undergraduate 3
04/15/2016

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Term
Natural Service
Definition
Deposition of the semenby a male into the reproductive tract of a receptive female under normal conditions and environment
Term
Artificial Insemination (A.I.)
Definition
Placement of semen by unnatural means into the reproductive tract of a receptive female
Term
Estrus
Definition
The period of sexual excitement (standing heat) where the female is receptive to the male and will stand for mating
Term
Estrous cycle
Definition
The reproductive cycle of domestic animals; measured from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next (or from ovulation to the next ovulation)
Term
Visual Inspection of Estrus Detection (Cow - 5)
Definition
  • Estrus detection done 30 minutes in the morning and in the evening 
  • Standing to be mounted (lordosis)
  • Mounting of other cows
  • Swollen vulva
  • Mucus secretion
Term
Visual inspection of Estrus Detection (ewe - 3)
Definition
  • Short period of restlessness or ram "seeking"
  • Urination in the presence of the ram
  • Lordosis
Term
Visual Inspection of Estrus Detection (mare - 4)
Definition
  • Increased locomotion; tail erected or "flagging"
  • Urination stance and urination in presence of stallion
  • Lordosis
  • "winking" of vulva
Term
Visual Inspection of Estrus Detection (sow - 2)
Definition
  • Mild restlessness 
  • Lordosis
Term
Teaser Animals
Definition
  • Surgically altered
    • Vasectomized
    • Gomer bull (no sperm but have testosterone)
  • Androgenized cows or steers
Term
Marker Aids (3)
Definition
  • Chinball marker (like ball point pen; on chin of male)
  • Heat-mount detectors (ex: k-mar patches)
  • Marking harness (marking chalk or paint; use hot or cold to match environment)
Term
Heatwatch (electronic detection)
Definition
  • Device placed on tailhead region of females
  • When mounted, a record will be sent via satellite to the software
  • Useful to know which females you will need to breed without checking heat twice a day
  • Expensive and failure of the software could be mistaken as no females in heat 
Term
Considerations of Estrus Detection (3)
Definition
  • Cost 
  • Time and labor
  • Ability of male to achieve intromission (act of inserting penis into vagina)

proper heat detection is critical

Term
Advantages of A.I. (3)
Definition
  • Genetic improvement through increase use of superior sires
  • Disease control
  • Eliminates need for keeping bulls
Term
Disadvantages of A.I. (4)
Definition
  • Time required to detect estrus
  • Percent of cows in estrus during the breeding season 
  • Trained personnel required
  • Overuse of inferior sires
Term
Speculum
Definition

A tube-like instrument that spans the vulva and posterior vagina allowing for visual inspection of the os cervix

  • commonly used in goats
  • may be used in deer; however, the use of laparoscopy is becoming more popular in deer
Term
Laparascopy
Definition
Surgical induction of semen directly into the uterine horns (used in sheep); turn upside down to get guts out of the way and prevent accidential rupture
Term
Rectocervical
Definition
Manipuation of the cervix over the insemination gun via the rectum (used in cattle); AM/PM rule - cows detected in estrus in the morning will be inseminated that same afternoon and those found in estrus in the evening will be bred the following morning [universally accepted time for insemination of cattle]
Term
Cervical
Definition

Introduction of the spirette with a counter-clockwise rotation into the cervix (used in swine)

  • gilts: inseminate 12 hours after detection of estrus
  • sows: inseminate 24 hours after detection of estrus

lock up: press down on back and female becomes stiff and ready to be mounted (to detect estrus)

Term
Vaginocervical
Definition
Introduction of the insemination gun into the cervix via the vagina (used in horses); inseminatio is based on the presence of a 35 mm follicle, open cervix, and detection of estrus; teasing scores range from 1-5 and want 3 or better
Term
Embryo Transfer
Definition
Removal of the embryos from a biological dam (donor) and placement of the embryos into a surrogate dam (recipient) for differentiation, growth, and birth
Term
Purpose of Embryo Transfer (4)
Definition
  • Increase the productivity of genetically superior donors
  • Maximize the use of valuable semen
  • Transport genetics across long distances
  • Production of identical offspring by embryo splitting
    • Potentially valuable as research animals
Term
Limitations of Embryo Transfer (3)
Definition
  • Expensive
  • Labor intensive
  • Requires extensive training and experience
Term
Successful Embryo Transfer Requirements (5)
Definition
  • Superovulation
  • Insemination of embryos from the donor
  • Recovery of embryos from the donor
  • Maintenance and storage of embryos
  • Transfer of embryos to recipient females
Term
Superovulation
Definition
Treatment of a female with gonadotropins (generally FSH) to increase the number of follicles that are selected to become dominant and ovulate
Term
Hormones used for Superovulatio
Definition
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone): short half-life of approx. 2 hours, used for commercial superovulation and embryo transfer (SOET) [ex: follitropin-v injection (used in cattle and obtained from porcine pituitary gland) and ovagen (obtained from ovine pituitay gland)]
  • PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; eCG): long half-life of approx. 2 to 4 days, NOT approved for use in comercial SOET in the US***, frequently used for research in Europe
Term
FSH Dosage trends (2)
Definition
  • Heifers require a LOWER dosage than mature cows, as they are more sensative to the hormone
  • Bos taurus cattle require a HIGHER dosage than Bos indicus cattle (Bos indicus are more sensative to the hormone)
  • Bos indicus and heifers more sensative
Term
Steps of Embryo Transfer (5)
Definition
  1. Synchronization of the Recipients with the Donor
  2. Superovulation of the donor female
  3. Inseminate Donor with Semen from a Genetically Superior Bull
  4. Recovery and Identification of Viable Embryos
  5. Transfer Viable Embryos into the synchronized recipients
Term
Embryo Grading
Definition
  • Quality scores: 1- excellent, 2- good, 3- fair, 4- poor, 5- degenerate
  • 1-3 may be used for immediate transfer ; scores 1-2 are frozen
  • Transfers are typically done when the embryo is a morula or a blastocyst because still has an intact zona pellucida
  • Morula or blastocyst: placed into uterus
  • Earlier than those above: placed in oviduct surgically
Term
Criteria for classifying embryos (3)
Definition
  • Even number of cells
  • Uniform division
  • Healthy zona pellucida
Term
Cryopreservation of Embryos
Definition
  • Cryoprotectant to displace  water and prevent ice crystal formation or bursting og the embryo during freezing
  • Sections of air are left in the straw to insulate embryo and allow for expansion of the media during freezig
  • Sterile media containing components necessary for embryo survival
Term
Advantages of Pregnancy Determination (3)
Definition
  • Increase heard productivity by: culling non-pregnant females or rebreeding non-pregnant females
  • Seperation of twins and singles in sheep for gestational nutrition
  • Seperation of open and bred cattle for gestational nutrition

**If done properly, should not be many disadvantages**

Term
Characteristics of an Ideal Pregnancy Test (6)
Definition
  • Quick
  • Inexpensive (#1)
  • Simple
  • Accurate
  • Minimal animal handling and labor
  • Cannot cause abortion
Term
Hormone Detection to Determine Pregnancy
Definition
  • Progesterone levels measured from milk or plasma can determine whether a CL is present or not 
  • BioPRYN is a commonly used commercial blood-based pregnancy test used on ruminants (BioPRYNes in mares)
  • BioPRYN detects the presence of pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB), a protein produced by the placenta [99% accurate when tested at least 28 days post-breeding]
Term
Echogenic
Definition
Dense tissue (ex: fetal tissue) that will reflect sound waves from the ultrasound and appear white on the screen
Term
Non-echogenic
Definition
Fluid that will not reflect the sound waves from the ultrasound and therefore will appear back on the screen (the bladder is used as a landmark to know where the probe is physiologically when ultrasounding)
Term
Probes in Sheep (2)
Definition
  • Rectal: (days 25-35) used when the uterus is still located before the pelvic brim and can be reached by the robe
  • Abdominal: (days 35-45) used when the fetus has grown to a size in which the uterus becomes displaced over the pelvic brim 
  • Ultrasounding after day 90 of gestation is pointless because fetus is too big to see
  • Ultrasounding in sheep is cheap at about $0.50 per head
Term
Plane of nutrition during gestation for ewes
Definition
  • Pregnancy determination prior to day 45 of gestation in sheep is used to manage the ewes plane of nutrion during pregnancy based on singletons or twins
  • Ewes carrying twins will require a HIGHER plane of nutritio for optimal growth and development of the lambs
  • It also reduces feed costs for ewes carrying singletons and open ewes
Term
Palpation for Pregnancy Determination in Cattle (Open)
Definition

In females that are non-pregnant, the reproductive tract is usually located within the pelvic cavity; however, in older and large-frame cows the cervix and uterine horns may be distended over the pelvic brim into the body cavity

Determining factors (4):

  • No fluid in uterus
  • No membranes present upon slippage
  • Thick uterine wall with a meaty texture
  • Uterine tone: firm- at or near estrus / flaccid- between estrus periods
Term
Palpation for Pregnancy Determination in Cattle (Pregnancy Stage 1)
Definition

Females in this stage vary from 40 days (first time pregnancy can be detected by palpation) to 3 months of pregnancy; cervix and uterine horns are in the pelvic cavity or perhaps moving over the pelvic brim into the body cavity as stage 1 advances

Dermining factors (4):

  • Fluids begin to fill the uterus and uterus is somewhat enlarged
  • Presence of membranes upon slippage
  • Thin uterine walls
  • Placentomes are indistinct to the touch 
Term
Palpation for Pregnancy Determination in Cattle (Pregnancy Stage 2)
Definition

Females in this stage vary from 3 to 5.5 months of pregnancy; cervix is normally located on the pelvic brim with the uterine horns distended into the body cavity out of normal reach

Determining factors (3):

  • Full displacement of the uterus
  • Presence of placentomes
  • Pulsation of middle uterine artery (fremitis- palpation of the uterine artery)
Term
Palpation for Pregnancy determination in Cattle (Pregnancy Stage 3)
Definition

Females in this stage vary fro 5.5 months of gestation to term; cervix is at or near the pelvic brim; developing calf has achived sufficient size to be reached and palpation of calf becomes progressivelly easier as stage 3 advances

Determining Factors (3):

  • Displacement of uterus but as calf grows it moes back up over the pelvic brim
  • Palpation of large fetus
  • Presence of placentomes 
Term
3 stages of gestation
Definition
  • Cleavage
  • Differentiation
  • Fetal Growth
Term
Gestation
Definition

The period of fetal development beginning with fertilization and ending with parturition

Term
Fertilization
Definition
  • Zygote: diploid cell resulting from the fusion of the male and female pronuclei (syngamy)
  • Embryo: organism in the early stages of development; not recognizable as a member of specific species
Term
Cleavage
Definition
  • Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes several mitotic divisions inside the zona pellucida (overall size does not change)
  • The first cleavage yields a two celled embryo (each cell is called a blastomere and is a totipotent)
  • Division continues rapidly until the 32-cell stage
Term
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy (2)
Definition
  • Species specific; a substace produced by the conceptus to prevent luteolysis
  • Occurs prior to implantation/placentation
Term
Pregnancy recognition signal (cow)
Definition
Bovine interferon tau (bIFNt); produced by the conceptus with days 15 and 16 being the most critical
Term
Pregnancy recognition signals (ewe)
Definition
Ovine interferon tau (oIFNt); produced by the conceptus with days 13 and 14 being the most critical
Term
Pregnancy recognition signals (sow)
Definition
estradiol; produced by the conceptus and causes a rerouting of PGF2α ; must occur at days 11 and 12
Term
Pregnancy recognitio signals (mare)
Definition

Embryo migration; beginning on day 12 the embryo must migrate 12 to 15 times per day

*proteins secreted by conceptus are not known what their function is*

Term
Differentiation (5)
Definition
  • May be defined as the development of structue and function that is more specialized than the original cells or tissue
  • Formation of three germ cells
  • Formation of the extraembryonic membranes (placenta)
  • Formation of organs
  • Rapid changes in relative size
Term
Three Embryonic Germ Layers in the Blastocyst (3)
Definition

The inner cell mass (ICM) will ultimately form the fetus and is composed of three emryonic germ layers:

  • Endoderm: Will develop into the digestive system, lungs, and endocryne layers
  • Mesoderm: Will develop into muscle, the skeleton, cardiovasular system, and the reproductive systme
  • Ectoderm:Will develop into the neverous system, skin and hair
Term
Embryonic Membranes (4)
Definition
  • Yolk sac: originates from the fetal midgut; serves as a nutrient supply for the early embryo 
    • Absorbs uterine secretions from the endometrium to stimulate early embryonic development
    • Only exists during early gestation and eventually regresses
  • Amnion: innermost membrane directly surrounding the fetus; protects the fetus from injury and provides lubrication for parturition
    • Prevents lung collapse and opens the digestive tract
  • Allantois: originates from the gut and forms the umbilicus; supports blood vessels and is the reservoir of nutrients and wastes for the fetus
  • Chorion: outermost membrane in direct contact with the uterine tissue; it becomes vascularized by allantoic vessels and is the site of hormone production and nutrient and gas exchange
Term
Placenta
Definition
The placenta is an organ of nutrient at waste exchange between the fetal blood and maternal blood
Term
Placental Shape
Definition
Refers to the proportion of surface area shared between fetal membranes and maternal uterine tissue where exchange occurs
Term
Placental Type
Definition
Is defined by the structure of cell layers seperating fetal blood from maternal blood
Term
P Shape: Diffuse
Definition

A placenta characterized by a uniform distribution of chorionic villi interdigitating with maternal endometrium throughtout the placenta

  • found in sows and mares
  • mares also have microscopic regions of chorionic villi known as microcotyledons
Term
P Shape: Cotyledonary
Definition

The fetal cotyledon interdigitates with the maternal caruncle to form structures known as placentomes; the majority  (at least 80%) of the blood flow for nutrient and waste exchange occurs in the placentomes 

  • Found in ruminant species (cows, ewes, and goats)
    • Cows: convex
    • Sheep: concave
Term
P Shape: Zonary
Definition

A zone or band of chorionic villi is attached to the endometrium

  • Found in dogs and cats
Term
P Shape: Discoid
Definition

A region or disc of chorionic villi is intimately attached to the endometrium 

  • Found in humans and other primates
Term
P Type: Epitheliochorial
Definition

Six layers (least invasive) of tissue exist between fetal blood and maternal blood; the endometrial epithelium is directly apposed to the epithelium of the chorion

  • Found in the sow and mare 
Term
P Type: Synepitheliochorial
Definition

In certain areas, binucleate giant cells form from trophoblast cells that migrate from the chorion into the endometrial epithelium and form a syncytim; thus, there are essentially five layers between the fetal blood and maternal blood where a syncytium is formed and six layers where there is not a syncytium

  • Found in ruminants
Term
P Type: Endotheliochorial
Definition

Five layers of tissue exist between the fetal blood and maternal blood; the maternal epithelium has completely eroded away and the maternal capillaries are almost directly exposed to the fetal epithelium

  • Found in dogs and cats
Term
P Type: Hemochorial
Definition

Three layers of tissue between fetal blood and maternal blood; the chorionic epithelium is in direct contact with pools of maternal blood; the most invasive type of placenta

  • Found in humans and other primates 
Term
Placental shape:type
Definition

Diffuse : Epitheliochorial (sows and mares)

Cotyledonary : Synepitheliochorial (ruminants)

Zonary : Endotheliochorial (dogs and cats)

Dicoid : Hemochorial (humans and primates)

 

Term
Hormones Produced by the Placenta (6)
Definition
  • Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin: maintains the primary corpus luteum and is responsible for the formation and maintenance of accessory corpora luteum
  • Human Chorionc Gonadotropin: maintains the corpus luteum (cause of morning sickness)
  • Progesterone: In some species (ewe, mare, and women) the placenta takes over progesterone production later in gestation
    • The "progesterone block" inhibits myometrial contractions
  • Estrogen: a peak of estradiol signals the pre-parturient period in some species
  • Placental Lactogen: stimulates growth of the fetus and mammary glands
  • Relaxin: softens connective tissue in the cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments
Term
Fetal Growth
Definition
  • The period of development from an embryo to a fully developed fetus, prior to parturition
  • More than 50% of the total fetal weight at parturition is gained during the last trimester of gestation
  • Proper fetal development or programming is dependent on proper placental development during the first half of gestation
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