from the gadfly or warble fly that drives cattle into a state of frenzy and so gives its name to be the excitable behavior of a female mammal when in heat, or oestrus

fly from oestridae family

1. ovulate without need for male
2. benefit: predictability
3. mostly domesticated animals (cow, dog, pig, human, rat, chicken)

1. mating required for ovulation
2. benefit: saves energy
3. usually wild, solitary animals
4. black bear, rabbit, ferret, squirrels

human: menstration=day 0

other mammals: estrus = day 0

pseudopreganancy=half time of pregnancy

hiararchy (F1-first follicle/size)
daily selection (C1-first egg in clutch)
cycle length-crepuscular peak

LH surge precedes oulation by 4-6 hours, occurs at night depending on  maturity of F1 follicle
hormone profiles (increased progesterone -> increased LH)
source of steroids (granulosa-> P4, Theca-> T,E2,E1)
post ovulatory follicles
lack of estrus

lipid (small molecule)-fat

binds to an intracellular receptor and causes a physiological effect

changes made in steroid synthesis at C3 and C17--most reactive

can take either delta 5 or delta 4 pathway in steroid synthetic pathway

1/4 to 1/2 hours egg stays

engulf egg and fertilization

2-3 hours egg stays

albumen added

1/2 hour egg stays

shell membrane

18-20 hours egg stay

shell color

<1-2 minutes

passage of egg

sperm storage

(egg is layed the sperm is sent up)

Birds: progesterone

Mammals: estrogen

secreted by the oocyte and is critical for the growth of follicle beyond the primary folliclular stage

(Theca layer absent in knockout mice)

preantral - independent growth

antral (graafian/mature)- gonadotrophin-dependent

Granulosa stimulated by FSH->inhibin produced

inhibin-> stops FSH secretion anterior pituitary

Granulosa Produce -> activin

activin -> stimulates FSH production from anterior pituitary

this requires a 3 peptide chain (L, B_a, B_b) to be active

Polycystic ovary (infrequent/long menstrual cycles-over production androgens/metabolic disorder association)

ovarian cancer (most serious gynecological cancer)

premature ovarian failure (under 40)

Tertiary follicle follows Delta 5

produces mostly estradiol in the blood

It is roughly 1/10 the strenght of delta 4

(this is important to female fetus because it prevents masculine traits)

Preovulatory follicle (Graafian) after LH surge...and the Corupus Luteum

they produce a large amount of progesterone and some estradiol

fat globules are visable (cholesterol)

quite a few mitocondria

smooth indoplasmic reticulum

looks like a square

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein

gets cholesterol from the outer membrane of the mitocondria to the inner membrane (the middle is filled with water which cholesterol :( )

binding proteins-testoserone-estradiol binding globulin(big proteins in blood)

Albumins (other proteins in blood) also in egg

ovary

testis

adrenal gland

placenta

skin

adipose tissue

liver (major)

gi-tract (major)

RBC (pig)

kidney

hypothalmus

slip into cell

bind to receptor (2heat shock proteins)

HSP released (only steroid-receptor left)

move into nuceus

switch proteins -> dimerization(2)

hormone responsive element (binds DNA)

co-activator recruited

activates transcription

mRNA

translation

protein (product)

between gut (entero) and liver (hepatic)-steroid circulation

determined by gut bacteria

free or conjugated steroids

...

free-can bind receptor (feces)

conjugated-cannot bind receptor (urine)

...

progesteron metabolism-non reversable

granulosa cells have no nerves/vessels

massive release of LH triggers  progesterone synthesis in granulosa to stop estrodile synhesis

theca cells increase capillary dilation

increase serum proteins

fibroblast

causes rupture

oocyts (propase 1)

ovulation

LH release triggers granulosa cells (increase progesterone, decrease estradiol)

progesterone triggers ADAMTS-enzymes involved in inflammation

vasoactive stubstance move to theca layer(hyperemic response/like inflammation)

serum proteins move into interstitial space of follicle to activate quiescent fibroblast to proliferate

activated fibroblast secreate MMP that degrade extracellular matrix of collagnous connective tissues

oocyte maturation (meiosis 1 to 2)

stigma forms/rupture

make blood vessels grow

Theca cells have blood vessels/ granulosa don't

LH receptor

mitocondria

prostoglanden

prognedalone

smooth ER

LDL/HDL

some species: prolactine receptor

ruminants-uterus involved (counter current)

uterus independent: changes in LH receptor

ruminants, pigs

remove the uterus the CL livespand is extended

sensitivity to prostaglandin

counter current mechanism

prostaglandin from uterus into artery heading to ovary

human,primate,rodents,ferret,bear,dog,opossum

controled instead by LH receptor change

at end of luteal phase only the short receptor (LHc) is present in large quantities

also progesterone can be made inactive

most birds

most birds lack a penis

make hormones\products needed in spermogenesis

FSH responsive

make testosterone

(outside seminefren tubules)

LH acts on leydig cells

increased scertoli cells\germ cells

transmit activation SnRH to LH, FSH to T

increase sertoli cells determins future fertility

increasing germ cells

activation of SnRH to LH and FSH

increase testis size and organization

blood testis barrior

requires 5 alpha reductase to be converted from testosterone

prostate,penis,urethra,testis

  aromotase to 

make estrodile

inibit/maintain spermatoggenesis

develope genitalia and maintain epididymal tract

5-20% due to father

aneuploidy-trisomy 21

xxy 

50% due to father

error in meiosis

XO

paternal nondisjunction in

80% of cases

3-4 months

spermatogenesis take 86 days

FSH, testosterone, vit A and E

paracrie-leydig cells (testosterone and regulate testicular blood flow)

germ cells: regulate sertoli morphology, gene expressiion enzyme activity, binding of FSH

OCP's oral contraceptive pills (18%of world) 1940-60s gregory pincus

E&P or just P

norplant intradermal release system

patch, depo-provera(injectio)

vaginal rings

intra-uterine devises (IUD)-some copper

prescrription only/in office

Plan-B (blocks ovulation) 

only effective if close to ovulation/not after