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ANSC 303: Proteins
self explanatory
76
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
09/22/2006

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Term
What is the magic number for nitrogen?
Definition
16% (makes it a diet and not a supplement)
Term
One unit of urea is equivalent to ___ units of protein. (% Equivalent protein / ___ = % urea)
Definition
2.81
Term
Urea contains ___% nitrogen.
Definition
45
Term
Crude Protein = N X ___
Definition
6.25
Term
The _______ analysis measures N from amine groups.
Definition
Kjehdahl
Term
Proteins, on average, contains ___% nitrogen.
Definition
16
Term
Primary structure is...
Definition
the sequence of amino acids.
Term
Secondary structure is...
Definition
alpha helixes & beta pleated sheets (due to hydrogen bonds)
Term
Tertiary structure is...
Definition
a grouping of secondary structures.
Term
Quaternary structure is...
Definition
the orientation and location of similar subunits within the structure (proteins with more than one subprotein).
Term
Denaturation is...
Definition
the unfolding of the 3D structure due to breaking H bonds; it inactivates the protein so that it can no longer function. It makes proteins more digestible.
Term
Denaturation can be caused by...
Definition
heat or chemicals (acids and bases)
Term
Lean muscle is about ____% protein on a dry basis.
Definition
80
Term
Some hormones that are proteins are...(7 total)
Definition
growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, thyronxin (regulates metabolic rate), calcitonin/parathyroid (regulate blood Ca level), and antidiuretic hormone (regulates fluid/electrolyte balance).
Term
The general functions of proteins are...(6 are listed)
Definition
structure of body tissues, regulation of metabolism, immune protection, transport/storage, fluid/electrolyte balance, and acid-base regulation.
Term
What are the 13 essential amino acids?
Definition
phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, methionine, arginine, threonine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine (PVT MAT HILL)
Term
What are some exceptions to the essential amino acids?
Definition
Arginine is not essential for pigs or humans, poultry also require glycine and serine, and cats require taurine
Term
Essential amino acids are called ________ in nonruminants.
Definition
Dietary essential amino acids
Term
In ruminants, essential amino acids can be obtained from ________ or ________.
Definition
their diet or from synthesis of amino acids by bacteria in the rumen
Term
The amino acid ________ can be used to meet part of the methionine requirement.
Definition
cystine
Term
The amino acid ________ can be used to meet part of the phenylalanine requirement.
Definition
tyrosine
Term
The ________ is the dietary essential amino acid in a diet in shortest supply in relation to the animal's requirement.
Definition
first-limiting amino acid
Term
The chemical score of a protein is...
Definition
the score of the first-limiting amino acid.
Term
Chemical score is most useful for...
Definition
comparing diets rather than individual feeds or foods (like corn) due to the complementarity of protein sources. (Ex: corn and soybean mean balance out eachothers deficiencies)
Term
A major drawback to chemical score is that...
Definition
digestibility of the amino acids is not considered.
Term
Four fibrous proteins are...
Definition
collagen, elastin, keratin, and myosin.
Term
Collagen is
Definition
the major protein of connective tissue, poor quality (low in tryptophan), and not easily digested.
Term
Elastin is...
Definition
the major protein of tentons and ateries and is digested by pepsin and trypsin.
Term
Keratin is...
Definition
the major protein in feathers, hair, wool, and hooves; it contains a large number of disulfide cross linkages and is almost indegestible unless heat processed.
Term
Myosin is...
Definition
an important protein in muscles and is highly digestible by animals.
Term
Globular proteins include...(2 answers)
Definition
albumin and globulin.
Term
Albumin is in...
Definition
serum, egg, and milk protein.
Term
Globulin is in...
Definition
antibodies.
Term
Conjugated proteins are...
Definition
simple proteins combine with nonprotein compounds.
Term
Conjugated proteins include...(7 answers)
Definition
nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, mucoprotein, lipoprotein, flavoprotein, metalloprotein, and phospoprotein.
Term
For pigs and poultry, the digesibility of amino acids is considered in establishing requirements and determining the value of a feedstuff. For pigs, these are called ________.
Definition
"ileal digestible amino acids" (because the best place to determine amino acid digestibility is at the end of the small intestine, the ileum, before bacterial action)
Term
PDCAAS is...
Definition
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score; it is the method by which the chemical score of a protein is corrected by applying digestibility determined in rats. This is the value that is used to determine RDI, recommended daily intake, on human food labels.
Term
Calculating PDCAAS value...
Definition
PDCAAS value = digestibility x chemical score
Term
Calculating RDI...
Definition
RDI = 100*(grams of total protein x PDCAAS)/(daily requirement)
= 100*(grams of total protein x chemical score x digestibility)/(daily requirement)
Term
BV
Definition
biological value = nitrogen balance (aka retention)/nitrogen absorbed
Term
NPU
Definition
net protein utilization = nitrogen balance (retention)/nitrogen intake
Term
Nitrogen intake
Definition
(diet intake x % crude protein)/6.25
Term
Fecal nitrogen
Definition
(feces output x % crude protein)/6,25
Term
Nitrogen absorbed
Definition
nitrogen intake-fecal nitrogen
Term
Nitrogen balance (aka retention)
Definition
nitrogen absorbed - nitrogen in urine
= nitrogen intake - fecal nitrogen - nitrogen in urine
Term
Nitrogen in urine
Definition
volume urine x nitrogen concentration (CONVERT UNITS)
Term
PER
Definition
Protein efficiency ratio; a standardized test in which rats are fed a diet of 10% protein (they need 20%) which results in amino acid deficiencies. Better quality proteins support faster growth.
= weight gain/weight of consumed protein
Term
Most common limiting amino acids in swine...
Definition
first = lysine
(then threonine, tryptophan, methionine + cystine)
Term
Most common limiting amino acids in chickens...
Definition
first = methionine + cystine (need so much b/c of there is a lot in feathers)
(then lysine, threonine, tryptophan)
Term
Most common limiting amino acids in horses...
Definition
first = lysine, probably
Term
Most common limiting amino acids in turkeys...
Definition
first = lysine and methionine + cystine often equally limiting
(then threonine, tryptophan)
Term
Most common limiting amino acids in humans...
Definition
either lysine, tryptophan, threonine, or methionine + cystine (difficult to predict because of varied diet)
Term
Deficiency symptoms: growth
Definition
Reduced growth, reduced feed efficiency, fatter carcass, poor feathering in poultry, impaired development in humans
Term
Deficiency symptoms: reproduction
Definition
(swine, ruminants, horses) reduced milk production, reduced weaning weights, delayed re-breeding, (poultry) reduced birth weight, fewer/smaller eggs, reduced hatchability, (humans) reduced milk production, reduced weight in nursing children, and reduced birthweight
Term
Deficiency symptoms: health
Definition
Increased health problems and Kwashiorkor (extreme)
Term
Kwashiorkor =
Definition
severe malnutrition in infants and children that is characterized by failure to grow and develop, changes in the pigmentation of the skin and hair, edema, fatty degeneration of the liver, anemia, and apathy and is caused by a diet excessively high in carbohydrate and extremely low in protein
Term
Importance of protein in animal and human nutrition
Definition
- All farm animals need a source or amino acids (dietary in NR and bacterial synthesis in R)
- Protein supplementation is common (since grains/forages are the basis of diets and contain little protein)
- Protein is expensive, so don't overfeed
- Protein intake in developed countries usually exceeds requirements
Term
Saliva =
Definition
water, inorganic components (to supply minerals to digesta and regulate pH), organic components (needed for digestive functions- urea, enzymes, and mucoproteins)
Term
Animals use _-monosaccharides and _-amino acids (D or L?)
Definition
D-monosaccharides and L-amino acids
Term
Which part of saliva is most essential for counter-balancing VFA production in rumen?
Definition
buffer
Term
Digesta goes from…
Definition
reticulum/rumen (back and forth), omasum, abomasum
Term
Chief cells in the ________ region of the ________ produce ________
Definition
fundic, stomach, pepsinogen
Term
Parietal cells in the ________ region of the ________ produce ________
Definition
fundic, stomach, HCl
Term
________ clots milk and is secreted in the ________
Definition
rennin, stomach
Term
Acinar cells in the ________ secrete ________
Definition
pancreas, enzymes
Term
Centroacinar cells in the ________ secrete ________
Definition
pancreas, buffer (bicarbonate)
Term
Most digestive enzymes are made in the ________
Definition
pancreas
Term
More forage = more ________ acid
Definition
acetic
Term
More grain = more ________ acid
Definition
propionic
Term
VFAs produce from most to least ALWAYS are
Definition
acetic > propionic > butyric
Term
Stomach enzymes =
Definition
pepsin (protein) and rennin (milk protein in calves)
Term
Pancreas enzymes =
Definition
"amylase (starch), lipase (fats/oils), (the rest for proteins) trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase"
Term
Small intestine (brush border) enzymes =
Definition
"maltase, sucrase, lactase, enterokinase (trypsinogen), aminopeptidases (peptides), dipeptidases (depeptides)"
Term
Fermentation of glucose to form ________ acid does not result in formation of gases of fermentation
Definition
propionic
Term
Ulcers are most common in...
Definition
esophageal region
Term
Layers in rumen
Definition
gas (highest), fiber mat, liquid
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