Term
| What is the magic number for nitrogen? |
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Definition
| 16% (makes it a diet and not a supplement) |
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Term
| One unit of urea is equivalent to ___ units of protein. (% Equivalent protein / ___ = % urea) |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea contains ___% nitrogen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ analysis measures N from amine groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins, on average, contains ___% nitrogen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of amino acids. |
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Term
| Secondary structure is... |
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Definition
| alpha helixes & beta pleated sheets (due to hydrogen bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
| a grouping of secondary structures. |
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Term
| Quaternary structure is... |
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Definition
| the orientation and location of similar subunits within the structure (proteins with more than one subprotein). |
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Term
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Definition
| the unfolding of the 3D structure due to breaking H bonds; it inactivates the protein so that it can no longer function. It makes proteins more digestible. |
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Term
| Denaturation can be caused by... |
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Definition
| heat or chemicals (acids and bases) |
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Term
| Lean muscle is about ____% protein on a dry basis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some hormones that are proteins are...(7 total) |
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Definition
| growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, thyronxin (regulates metabolic rate), calcitonin/parathyroid (regulate blood Ca level), and antidiuretic hormone (regulates fluid/electrolyte balance). |
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Term
| The general functions of proteins are...(6 are listed) |
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Definition
| structure of body tissues, regulation of metabolism, immune protection, transport/storage, fluid/electrolyte balance, and acid-base regulation. |
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Term
| What are the 13 essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, methionine, arginine, threonine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine (PVT MAT HILL) |
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Term
| What are some exceptions to the essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| Arginine is not essential for pigs or humans, poultry also require glycine and serine, and cats require taurine |
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Term
| Essential amino acids are called ________ in nonruminants. |
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Definition
| Dietary essential amino acids |
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Term
| In ruminants, essential amino acids can be obtained from ________ or ________. |
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Definition
| their diet or from synthesis of amino acids by bacteria in the rumen |
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Term
| The amino acid ________ can be used to meet part of the methionine requirement. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amino acid ________ can be used to meet part of the phenylalanine requirement. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ is the dietary essential amino acid in a diet in shortest supply in relation to the animal's requirement. |
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Definition
| first-limiting amino acid |
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Term
| The chemical score of a protein is... |
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Definition
| the score of the first-limiting amino acid. |
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Term
| Chemical score is most useful for... |
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Definition
| comparing diets rather than individual feeds or foods (like corn) due to the complementarity of protein sources. (Ex: corn and soybean mean balance out eachothers deficiencies) |
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Term
| A major drawback to chemical score is that... |
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Definition
| digestibility of the amino acids is not considered. |
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Term
| Four fibrous proteins are... |
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Definition
| collagen, elastin, keratin, and myosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the major protein of connective tissue, poor quality (low in tryptophan), and not easily digested. |
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Term
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Definition
| the major protein of tentons and ateries and is digested by pepsin and trypsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the major protein in feathers, hair, wool, and hooves; it contains a large number of disulfide cross linkages and is almost indegestible unless heat processed. |
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Term
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Definition
| an important protein in muscles and is highly digestible by animals. |
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Term
| Globular proteins include...(2 answers) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| serum, egg, and milk protein. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conjugated proteins are... |
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Definition
| simple proteins combine with nonprotein compounds. |
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Term
| Conjugated proteins include...(7 answers) |
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Definition
| nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, mucoprotein, lipoprotein, flavoprotein, metalloprotein, and phospoprotein. |
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Term
| For pigs and poultry, the digesibility of amino acids is considered in establishing requirements and determining the value of a feedstuff. For pigs, these are called ________. |
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Definition
| "ileal digestible amino acids" (because the best place to determine amino acid digestibility is at the end of the small intestine, the ileum, before bacterial action) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score; it is the method by which the chemical score of a protein is corrected by applying digestibility determined in rats. This is the value that is used to determine RDI, recommended daily intake, on human food labels. |
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Term
| Calculating PDCAAS value... |
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Definition
| PDCAAS value = digestibility x chemical score |
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Term
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Definition
RDI = 100*(grams of total protein x PDCAAS)/(daily requirement)
= 100*(grams of total protein x chemical score x digestibility)/(daily requirement) |
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Term
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Definition
| biological value = nitrogen balance (aka retention)/nitrogen absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| net protein utilization = nitrogen balance (retention)/nitrogen intake |
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Term
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Definition
| (diet intake x % crude protein)/6.25 |
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Term
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Definition
| (feces output x % crude protein)/6,25 |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen intake-fecal nitrogen |
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Term
| Nitrogen balance (aka retention) |
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Definition
nitrogen absorbed - nitrogen in urine
= nitrogen intake - fecal nitrogen - nitrogen in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| volume urine x nitrogen concentration (CONVERT UNITS) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein efficiency ratio; a standardized test in which rats are fed a diet of 10% protein (they need 20%) which results in amino acid deficiencies. Better quality proteins support faster growth.
= weight gain/weight of consumed protein |
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Term
| Most common limiting amino acids in swine... |
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Definition
first = lysine
(then threonine, tryptophan, methionine + cystine) |
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Term
| Most common limiting amino acids in chickens... |
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Definition
first = methionine + cystine (need so much b/c of there is a lot in feathers)
(then lysine, threonine, tryptophan) |
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Term
| Most common limiting amino acids in horses... |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common limiting amino acids in turkeys... |
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Definition
first = lysine and methionine + cystine often equally limiting
(then threonine, tryptophan) |
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Term
| Most common limiting amino acids in humans... |
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Definition
| either lysine, tryptophan, threonine, or methionine + cystine (difficult to predict because of varied diet) |
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Term
| Deficiency symptoms: growth |
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Definition
| Reduced growth, reduced feed efficiency, fatter carcass, poor feathering in poultry, impaired development in humans |
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Term
| Deficiency symptoms: reproduction |
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Definition
| (swine, ruminants, horses) reduced milk production, reduced weaning weights, delayed re-breeding, (poultry) reduced birth weight, fewer/smaller eggs, reduced hatchability, (humans) reduced milk production, reduced weight in nursing children, and reduced birthweight |
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Term
| Deficiency symptoms: health |
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Definition
| Increased health problems and Kwashiorkor (extreme) |
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Term
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Definition
| severe malnutrition in infants and children that is characterized by failure to grow and develop, changes in the pigmentation of the skin and hair, edema, fatty degeneration of the liver, anemia, and apathy and is caused by a diet excessively high in carbohydrate and extremely low in protein |
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Term
| Importance of protein in animal and human nutrition |
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Definition
- All farm animals need a source or amino acids (dietary in NR and bacterial synthesis in R)
- Protein supplementation is common (since grains/forages are the basis of diets and contain little protein)
- Protein is expensive, so don't overfeed
- Protein intake in developed countries usually exceeds requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| water, inorganic components (to supply minerals to digesta and regulate pH), organic components (needed for digestive functions- urea, enzymes, and mucoproteins) |
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Term
| Animals use _-monosaccharides and _-amino acids (D or L?) |
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Definition
| D-monosaccharides and L-amino acids |
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Term
| Which part of saliva is most essential for counter-balancing VFA production in rumen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reticulum/rumen (back and forth), omasum, abomasum |
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Term
| Chief cells in the ________ region of the ________ produce ________ |
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Definition
| fundic, stomach, pepsinogen |
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Term
| Parietal cells in the ________ region of the ________ produce ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ clots milk and is secreted in the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Acinar cells in the ________ secrete ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Centroacinar cells in the ________ secrete ________ |
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Definition
| pancreas, buffer (bicarbonate) |
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Term
| Most digestive enzymes are made in the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| More forage = more ________ acid |
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Definition
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Term
| More grain = more ________ acid |
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Definition
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Term
| VFAs produce from most to least ALWAYS are |
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Definition
| acetic > propionic > butyric |
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Term
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Definition
| pepsin (protein) and rennin (milk protein in calves) |
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Term
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Definition
| "amylase (starch), lipase (fats/oils), (the rest for proteins) trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase" |
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Term
| Small intestine (brush border) enzymes = |
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Definition
| "maltase, sucrase, lactase, enterokinase (trypsinogen), aminopeptidases (peptides), dipeptidases (depeptides)" |
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Term
| Fermentation of glucose to form ________ acid does not result in formation of gases of fermentation |
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Definition
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Term
| Ulcers are most common in... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| gas (highest), fiber mat, liquid |
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