Term
| Functions of the GI tract include (7) |
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Definition
| digestion, absorbtion, protection from microorganisms/noxious substances, remove wastes/undigested material, immunological function, metabolism, endocrine functions |
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Term
| What are the prehensile structures in horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep? |
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Definition
| cows = tongues, but all else = lips |
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Term
| What are the functions of the mouth (4)? |
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Definition
| To take in food, taste, chew, and mix digesta with saliva |
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Term
| Functions of saliva include (3) |
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Definition
| lubricate food, initiate enzymatic digestion of starch (with amylase), produce buffer to counteract acid in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| water, inorganic components to supply minerals to the digesta to regulate pH, organic components for digestive functions (urea, enzymes, and mucoproteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces particle size, improves digestibility, and stimulates saliva flow |
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Term
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Definition
-Pharynx to stomach
-Changes from striated to smooth muscle (except in dogs and ruminants, which have striated muscle throughout)
-Is extended by the reticular groove (esophageal groove) in young ruminants |
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Term
| Why have an esophageal/reticular groove? |
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Definition
| It allows the passage of milk directly to the omasum so that milk will not be fermented by bacteria in the rumen and lose nutritional value. |
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Term
| Functions of true stomach... |
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Definition
mixing food, holding food for gradual release into small intestine, produces HCl and pepsinogen, absorbs alcohol, aspiring, VFAs (ruminants), etc.
NO ABSORBTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES, AMINO ACIDS, OR LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS. |
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Term
| The regions of the true stomach are... |
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Definition
| the esophageal region (nonglandular and most prone to ulcers b/c does NOT produce mucus), the cardiac region, the fundic region (produces enzyme and HCl), and the pyloric region |
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Term
| HCl in the stomach does what? |
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Definition
| denatures proteins, kills bacteria from food, activates pepsinogen, and ruptures starch granules |
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Term
| Pepsinogen in the stomach does what? |
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Definition
| begins digestion of proteins and clots milk |
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Term
| In newborn ruminants, only the ________ is fully developed. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rumen develops after ________ and ________. It takes how long? |
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Definition
| innoculation of bacteria (usu. being licked by mom) and consumption of forages; 2-3 months |
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Term
| In cattle, the stomach compartments from the largest to the smalles are the.... |
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Definition
| rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticulum |
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Term
| In sheep, the stomach compartments from the largest to the smalles are the.... |
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Definition
| rumen, abomasum, reticulum, omasum |
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Term
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Definition
| all amino acids, all B vitamins, and vitamin K |
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Term
| Microbial digestion produces |
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Definition
| VFAs, methane, CO2, and heat |
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Term
| Most unsaturated fatty acids are... |
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Definition
| saturated by the microbes in the rumen. |
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Term
| The rumen contains mostly ________ but also needs ________ and a small amount of ________ |
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Definition
| bacteria, protazoa, yeast/fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| functions are fermentation and absorbtion of VFAs, NH3, and water; it has papillae and looks like shag carpet |
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Term
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Definition
| functions are fermentation; it looks like a honeycomb |
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Term
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Definition
| functions are reduction of particle size and H2O absorbtion; looks lik leaves/piles (book pages on edge) |
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Term
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Definition
| functions include mixing food, production of HCl/pepsinogen, absorbtion of acohol, aspirin, VFAs, etc; IT DOES NOT ABSORB MONOSACCHARIDES, AMINO ACIDS, OR LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS; looks shiny with mucus |
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Term
| The steps of rumination are... |
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Definition
| regurgitation, remastication, reensalivation, and reswallowing |
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Term
| Ruminants spend how much time ruminating? |
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Definition
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Term
| The functions of rumination are... |
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Definition
| further reduce the particle size and stimulate saliva flow (reduced forage consumption --> reduced rumination --> reduced saliva flow/less buffer into the rumen) |
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Term
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Definition
| belching, expelling gases of fermentation (up to12-30 liters/hour); bloat = inability to belch and can result in death by suffocation |
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Term
| VFA that is the precursor for glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| Are oils or fats easier to digest? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which macronutrients cost the most? |
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Definition
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