Term
| What family do horses below to? Genus? |
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Definition
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Term
What does ungulate mean?
What does perissodactyla mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Golden Age of horses and why? |
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Definition
Miocene
-great diversification of grazing equids |
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Term
| What is the main evolutionary line of the horse? |
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Definition
-there is not just one
-modern 1 toed horses are a side branch
-extinct 3 toed horses are the main line |
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Term
| Name the 3 tends in the lineage descending to equus |
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Definition
Reduction of the number of toes
Increase in size
Adaptations for grazing |
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Term
| Described the reduction of the toes. Why was this helpful? |
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Definition
-the # of phalanges reduced
-remaining metapodials fused into the cannon bone
-lightened the load at the end of the limb for better/faster movement |
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Term
| Describe the skull adaptations for herbivory |
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Definition
-teeth had higher crowns, constant eruption
-molars became more complex with ridges/grooves
-large dental bones to anchor the teeth, allow for larger muscles for grinding |
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Term
| Put the merychippus, dinohippus, miohippus and protorohippis in evolutionary order |
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Definition
Protorohippu
Miohippus
Merychippus
Dinohippus |
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Term
| Describe the change in traits from protoro to mio to merry to dino. Which one had 3 toes? Which one had 1? |
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Definition
description is in notes.
Mery had 3 toes
Dino had 1 |
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Term
| What 3 species rely on continuous resources and exhibit female defense polygyny? |
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Definition
-Burchelli (Plains)
-Zebra (Mountain)
-Caballus (Horse) |
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Term
| What species rely on patchy distribution of resources and exhibit resource defence polygyny? |
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Definition
Grevyi (Grevy's)
Africanus (African Wild ass)
Hemionus (Asiatic Wild ass)
Kiang (Kiang) (seasonal food) |
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Term
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Definition
| -breeding in captivity to profit a human community |
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Term
| Describe the steps of domestication |
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Definition
1. Loose human interactions (hunting)
2. Individual animals confined, captive breeding
3. selective breeding for desired traits
4. more specific selection (human economic considerations)
5. free ranging animals extirpated |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of domesticated species? |
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Definition
-adaptable to diet & environmental changes
-highly social, dominance hierarchy
-easy to breed in captivity
-easy to tend to in a herd
-easy to maintain as a food/product resource |
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Term
| What are the restrictions domestication has placed on horses? |
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Definition
-movement
-choose shelter
-choose diet
-choose mate & companions
-deal with humans & predators |
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Term
| What is the name for the domestic horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What step in the domestication process led to the pony/light/draft classifications? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who has better distance vision, zebras or domestic horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the binocular FOV for a horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the monocular FOV for a horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do horses rely on a far as visual perception goes? |
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Definition
| -relative size, shadows & relative location of an object |
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Term
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Definition
| -changing shape of the lens to focus on different objects |
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Term
| What sensor is used for peripheral & night vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sensor is used for daytime & colour vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| What special adaptation do horses have for night vision? |
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Definition
| -reflector behind the retina to increase the amount of light available to the photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| scrolled bones that increase the surface area of the olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| What is the vomeronasal olfactory system? |
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Definition
| secondary system that senses pheromones |
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